Pandemic

Mundhu ga pandemic gurinchi mataladukundham, andariki telisina vishyam enti antey ee covid-19 mana Indian economy ne kakunda anni deshala economy ni debba teesayi. Mana India debba tinindhi and kolukunindhi kuda, ippudu covid-19 valla India ki etuvanti ibbandi ledhu. Kani motham recover ayipoyam antara? Dani gurinchi mataladukovatam maanesam, kani ila cheyatam valla manam kolukunnam anukunte saripothundha? Manam news and newspapers lo chusi untam, ippatiki covid-19 badha peduthune undhi. India ni kaadu emo kani China lo inka ee covid cases vasthunnayi. Miru anukovachu, China lo kada cases vasthe manam enduku worry avvali, India ki enti ibbandi ani. Daniki simple answer, trade relations.

India ki China ki madya chaala yekkuva trade relations unnayi, China nunchi chala raw materials manam import chesukuntunnam. Pharmacy ki kilakamaina raw materials China nunchi manam import chesukuntunnam. Pharmacy ki sambandinchinavi matrame kaadu, auto mobiles and solar sector ki sambandhinchina raw materials lantivi kuda import chesukuntunnam. Ila chusukunte inko wave of pandemic kanaka China ki vachinattu ayite, China nunchi exports aagipovachu dani valla India ki ibbandi kalugavachu.

Inflation

Next inflation gurinchi telusukundham. Rate lu perigipovatam. Ee inflation valla mana Indain economy okkatey debba tinaledhu, western countries kuda ee issue ni face chesaru. Ee inflation valla federal reserve, like European reserve bank lanti pedda banks valla interest rates ni penchesaru. Ila interest rates America lanti developed countries lo perigayi antey, India nunchi konugolu chese vasthuvula midha yekkuva dabbu velthundhi, antey India nunchi normal kanna yekkuva ga dabbu velthundhi.

Ippudu USA lo unna FOMC aney oka committee interest rates ni penchudhama ledha employment issues valla alaney unchudhama ani discuss chesthunnaru. Ee iflation valla imports ki matrame ibbandi, mana Indian market lo undadhu anukuntey adhi porapatu avuthundhi. Inflation rate perigindhi antey Indian economy perugataniki chances taggiothayi. Inflation rates perigayi antey RBI ki vere daari leka India lo kuda interest rates penchutharu. Dini valla loans costly ayipothayi and investments ki kuda ibbandi vasthundhi, specifically private sector investments. kani recent two or three months nunchi chusukunnattu ayite retail inflation koddiga taggindhi, ala ani inflation jarugadhu ani cheppukolem. But recent ga malli konchem peragadam tho REPO rate pencharu.

Recession

Next recession, antey economy debbathinabothondhi. Specific ga Indian economy lo recession jarugabothondhi ani kaadu, konni developed countries lo jarugabothondhi. And akkada jarigithe adhi India ni kuda affect chese chances unnayi. Diniki Karanam globalization. Manam global market nunchi chala products import chesukuntam, dini valla problem ledhu, problem unnadhalla exports daggara. Okavela USA lo kani ledha ye European countries lo ayina recession jarigindhi antey kachitamga Indian market exports valla debba tintundhi. Recent ga exports lo Indian economy taggindhi.

Employment

Fourth and last one, employment. Andaram anukovachu employment rate perigindhi ani, kani chala companies, including Indian and multinational companies valla employees ni teesesthunnaru, ye Karanam lekunda. Kani Karanam undhi, reason yenti antey recession jarugachu yemo aney udhesam tho. Recession jarigithe valla financial status saripoka povachu ani. Recent ga publish ayina data chusukunte 14 year high unemployment rate record ayyindi Indian economy lo.

Ee nalugu vishyalani base chesukoni government ee year Union Budget ni announce chesaru. Ee year budget lo mainly seven areas ki top priority ichindhi Indian government. Avi,

1) Infrastructure

2) The green growth

3) Inclusive development

4) Youth power

5) Unleashing the potential

6) Reaching the last mile

7) Financial sector

1) Infrastructure

Infrastructure gurinchi telusukune mundhu inko dani gurinchi telusukundham, multiplier effect. Infrastructure midha investment cheyatam recent years lo chala perigindhi, private sector nunchi and government sector nunchi kuda. Mukhyam ga government sector nunchi last four to five years chusam antey investment chaala perigindhi. For example, last year. i,e financial year 2022-23  chusukunnam antey, government propose chesina capital expenditure investment is 7.5 lakh crore rupees. Kani government ichina news prakaram only 7.3 lakh crore was invested. Idhi takkuvey anukovachu, kani manaki news vachindhi February 1^st antey financial year inka complete kaaledhu. Financial year march 31^st complete avuthundhi. Kachitamga estimated kanna yekkuvey aye chances unnayi. Ee Union budget lo extra 3.3 lakh crore rupees add chesunnaru, adhi yenduku anedhi taruwata telusukundham.

Ippudu ee 2023-24 financial year budget for infrastructure chusam antey 10lakh crore rupees, antey last financial year ki ee year ki almost 33% hike ayyindi. Last two or three years nunchi 33% hike anedhi jaruguthondhi. Ippudu asalu bgovernment budget ani yeppudu cheppina danilo chusukovalsina points rendu untayi, okati government direct ga spend chese money, accounted as capital expenditure and rendodhi GCCA, dinni kuda oka part of revenue expenditure ga anukuntam. Grants for the Creation of Capital Assets. Ila rendu rakalu ga divide ayina budget GCCA kosam indaka mataladukunna 3.3 lakh crore rupees. Idhi last year vesina estimated revenue expenditure. Adhe ee year ki 10 lakh crore rupees is direct government expenditure and revenue expenditure oka 3.7 lakh rupees ni kalipithe, 13.7 lakh crore rupees. Ippudu multiplier effect gurinchi telusukundham.

Capital Expenditure

Capital expenditure antey money ni asset midha invest cheyatam. For example, government roads veyinchali ani anukunnappudu kani ledha airports develop cheyali anukunnappudu kani, money ni chaala rakaluga invest chestham. Investment in raw materials, investment in man power ila chala rakaluga invest chestham. Mana gamaninchinattu ayite ee investments kuda peruguthune unnayi. Ee investments valla employment rate peruguthundhi, production of goods will be improved, janalu sampadhinchatam modhalu pedutharu. Dini valla economy cycle anedhi abhivrudhi chendhuthundhi. Anduke government last two years ga yekkuva capital infrastructure midha invest chesthondhi.

Ippudu total capital expenditure, government direct ga karchu pette amount 10lakh crore rupees matrame, the other 3.7 lakh crore is not under capital expenditure.  Last year antey budget for 2022-23 lo prathi state ki 1 lakh crore loan isthamu annaru, ee 1 lakh crore kuda government direct ga states ki ivvadhu, ee 1 lakh crore yenti antey state lo expenditure for assets kosam konni conditions tho istharu. Ee 1 lakh crore lo kontha bhagam central approve chesina reforms kosam and migatha bhagam state lo cheyali anukunna vaati kosam.

Central approved reforms kosam ichedhi unconditional ga untundhi, idhi distribute chese padhathi yenti antey, recommendations of devolution provided by the 15-finance commission, but state lo infrastructure development kosam government ichedhi conditional. Ee year budget lo government 1 lakh crore ni kastha 1.3 lakh crore chesindhi. Ivi interest free loans. Veetiki tenure 50 years, antey re-payment 50 years ki chestharu. Dinilo kuda kontha bhagam conditional and inkontha bhagam unconditional.

Urban Finances (Urban Infrastructure Development Fund)

Urban finances gurinchi chala reports vasthunnayi, RBI monthly bulletins nunchi oka report vachindi and world bank nunchi kuda oka report vachindi yenti antey, raaboye 20 years lo population in the cities perugabothondhi, dini valla cities ki kavalsina infrastructure ni provide cheyataniki investments perugabothunnayi. Dinni drushtilo pettukoni central government oka proposal ni tisuku vachindhi, adhe UIDF- Urban Infrastructure Development Fund. Ee UIDF yenti antey, government urban level areas kosam separate ga funds issue chesthundhi, yentha issue chesthundhi anedhi manaki teliyadu yendukante idhi proposal maatrame inka idhi vaadakam loki raaledhu. Dini gurinchi charchalu jaruguthunnayi. finance minister yem annaru antey, oka city UIDF ki eligible ani cheppali antey, urban local bodies credit rating improve avvochu ani state prove cheyagaligithe appudu assistance istham.  Yedaina municipality market nunchi appu tisukovali ani anukunnappudu vallaki oka credit rating untundhi, danni meet avvali. Alage ee UIDF kuda oka certain credit rating undali.

Railways

Inthaka mundhu varaku infrastructure development lo railways ki maatram separate budget undedhi, kani ippudu adhi kuda union budget lo kalipesaru. Ee year Railways ki infrastructure budget 2.04 lakh crores. One of the highest budget. Railways yokka operating ration recent times lo improve ayyindi. Operating ration antey, the amount of expenditure and the amount generated by railways.

2) The Green Growth

Ee madya kalam lo gamaninchinattu ayite, government renewable energy midha chala investmets chesthondhi, vaati vivaralu ippudu manam telusukundham. Indian government renewable energy ki switch avvataniki yenno initiatives chesthondhi. Diniki example ga government solar power midha yekkuva money ni invest cheyatam start chesthondhi. Recent years ni gamanisthe India one of the leading countries ayyindi, solar panels expensive aney stage nunchi solar power using and afford cheyagalige stage loki vacham. Idhe kakunda green hydrogen midha kuda Indian government prayogalu chesthondhi. Hydrogen ledha green hydrogen usage kotha yem kaadu, chala industries hydrogen ni fuel ga use chestharu. Kani ee green hydrogen valla oka upayogam yenti antey, environment damage kakunda tayaru chese hydrogen. Inka ilantivi cheyali ani Indian government initiative tisukundhi.

Green Credit Program

Ila launch chesina oka program ye Green Credit Program. Ee program lo yedaina oka non-government community valla land lo ledha valla chuttu unna parisarallo 3 years paatu akkada chetlanu penchadam vaatini poshinchatam chesthe, ah 3years span taruwata forest department vallaki compensate chesthundhi. Yenduku chesthundhi antey, ah community land lo government cheyaleni oka pani chesinanduku, forest ni penchinanduku and Indian government forestation perugataniki chesina oka pani. Tana daggara unna sontha resources nunchi cheyalekapothe, chesina vallaki compensate cheyatam easy ani. Ee vishyam lo inka chaala details finalize kaaledhu, diniki certain guidelines untayi and certain conditions untayi avi follow ayite ne compensation ivvabaduthundhi.

PM-PRANAM

Next is PM-PRANAM, India lo chala manchi farming land undhi, farming cheyatam kosam Indian government states ni and states farmers ni alternative fertilizers ni use cheyamani encourage chesthondhi. Manaki telisina okka vhishyam yenti antey, farmers lo yekkuva percent people small scale farmers, vellaki fertilizers and urea konatam ibbandi ayipothundhi, konali antey government subsidy lu prarambhinchali daniki acapital yekkuva avasaram. Yentha avasaram antey, oka farmer subsidy lo urea konali antey minimum 6000 rupees per ton karchu pettali adhe dani original price chusarante 17000 per ton. Ah renditi madya gap 11000, idhi per ton ki, dinni yentha mandi farmers unnaro danitho multiply chesthe chala yekkuva avuthundhi. Ee gap ni tagginchadam kosam government fertilizers kakunda inkedaina fertilizers ni like natural farming use chesarante government nunchi koddiga incentives ni pondhachu. Capital tagginchadame kakunda bhoomiki fertilizers tho kakunda natural ga paninchenduku government tisukunna initiative idhi.

GOBARdhan

Dinitho paatu GOBARdhan scheme ni kuda prarambhincharu. Dinni prarambhinchindi Jalshakthi ministry. vella moto yenti antey, okka agriculture lo ne kaadu migatha panulanu kuda cheyali ani, like biogas which can be used as fuel, dini kosam government 500 waste to wealth plants ni sthapinchindhi.

MISHTI

Government MISHTI scheme ni kuda launch chesaru, Mangrove chetla perugudhala kosam. Environment gurinchi mataladina prathisari mangrove chetla gurnchi vasthundhi, avi environment ki chaala upayogam and natural calamaties nunchi kapaduthayi kuda. Mangrove chetla kosam cop27 lo oka charcha jarigindhi, anni deshalu vaati avasaram gurinchi telusukunnayi.

Amrit Dharokar

Inkoti Amrit Dharokar, optimal usage of wetlands, neeru unde areas ni gamaninchi vaatini farming kosam use chesukovali, dini valla mana environment safe ga undhi ani telusthundhi.

Green growth lo focus cheyabadda main issues ivey.

3) Inclusive Development

Dinilo agriculture plays a main role, yenduku agriculture antey dinilo almost 45% of work force involve ayuntundhi. Adhe kakunda agriculture GDP lo kani exports lo kani yekkuva bhagam use avuthundhi.

Government of India prathisari budget lo agriculture kosam farmers ki loans ketayistharu. Last year ki 18.5 lakh crore rupees nunchi ee year budget lo 20lakh crore ki increase ayyindi. Dinni agriculture credit antaru.

Agriculture Accelerator Fund

Next is agriculture accelerator fund, mundhu ga oka economic report gurinchi mataladukundham, ah report yem chepthondhi antey, agriculture technology startups 1000 ki paiga unnayi India lo. Chala mandi ee startups lo supply chain of millets lo yekkuva palgontunnaru. Last 4 to 5 years data tisukunnam antey, more than 6000 crore rupees private equity ane peru tho ah tech startups midha invest chesaru. Ila tech startups ki funding ichinattu ga agriculture accelerator fund anedhi start chestham ani finance minister chepparu. Idhi proposal matrame, asalu ee funding uddesham agriculture technology perugalani, manaki andariki telusu agriculture technology lo India lag avuthondhi ani. Dinni marchadam kosam technology penchatam kosam ee agriculture accelerator fund.

Millets Market

India is one of the largest producers of the millets market. Motham globally tisukunnattu ayite 20% of millets market is owned by India, India lo produce cheyatame kakunda exports kuda jaruguthundhi. Asia motham lo India 60 to 70% millets ni produce chesthundhi. Indian government oka stand tisukoni India ni oka hub for millets in the global market cheyali anukuntondhi, ee scheme ki vallu pettina peru “Sree Anna”.

Finance minister veetitho paatu storage capacity ni penchataniki investments chesthamani chepparu. Chala production prathi year waste ayipothondhi, dini valla farmers ki yentho loss vasthondhi. Dini valla supply and demand lo hechu taggulu ravochu.

Matsya Sampada Yojana

Inko scheme, Matsya Sampada Yojana, launch cheyabothunnaru, diniki capital ga 6000 crore rupees istharu.

4) Youth Power

Youth kosam government of India kotha pathakalani amalu cheyali anukuntondhi. Youth ki saripada chaduvuni, skills ni ichi, vallani world lo oka major source of skilled labour ga cheyalani government chala pathakalani amalu chesaru.

Recent ga oka issue rise ayyindi, population of China taggindhi. Dini valla India ki yenti problem ani meeru anochu. Problem tho paatu advantages kuda India ki ippudu unnayi. Mana Indians yokka average age ni calculate chesthe, India lo ni yekkuva percent population working age lo unnaru. Dini valla youth yekkuva pani cheyagalaru and economy ni penchataniki yenthaina sahaya padagalaru. Yenno developed countries kanna ee vishyam lo India ki advantage undhi. Kani, yekkuva population working age lo unnantha maatrana GDP maaripothundhi ani kaadu. Danni maarchali antey oka chinna gap ni fill cheyali. Adhe skills. Okappudu skills vere, ippudu skills vere.

Pradhan mantri Kaushal vikas yojana 4.0

Ippudu youth ni skilled labour ga marchali antey kavalsina skills yenti antey AI, robotics, mechatronics etc. Ilanti skills untey India lo unna youth ni skilled person ga maarchi mana desham nunchi export cheyalani prayathnisthondhi India. India konni years nunchi ee skill program ni continue chesthondhi. Prathisari government ee skills lo oka adugu mundhe undela chusukovatam deshaniki chala manchidhi. Andhu kosame government of India “Pradhan mantri Kaushal vikas yojana 4.0” prarambhinchindhi.

Skill India digital platform

Danitho paatu “skill India digital platform”, ee platform main theme kuda Indian youth ni skilled ga maarchatam and skilled people ki aardhika sahayam chesi vallani entrepreneurs ga marchadam.

Tourisim ni kuda penchali ani P.M Modi chala chotla mataladuthu vacharu. Ee pandemic valla yekkuva ga affect ayina oka platform yenti antey tourism maatrame. Dini valla chala mandiki upadhi lekunda poindi, like drivers, tourist guides, local shop owners near tourist spots. Anduke India tourism lo initiative tisukundhi. 50 destinations to be selected and developed. India lo deserts, wetlands, beaches and snow undey lands kuda unnayi, ilanti places ni develop chesthe GDP ki chala upayogam.

One District – One Product

Government nunchi vachina oka manchi initiative yenti antey, setting up unity malls in state capitals. Dinilo oka interesting vishyam yenti antey, oka product midha focus cheyatam kosam, ODOP (One district one product) ane padhathini launch chesaru, ah district vallaki unna skills nunchi oka product ni tisukoni government danni promote chesthundhi, idhi konni years kritam start chesaru. Ee pani ki inkoddiga help cheyataniki state capitals lo malls kattistham antunnaru government. Ila kattinchadam valla ah product akkadiki vachi explore chesi konachu ani.

Veeti anniti nunchi government yem cheppadaluchukundhante ila cheyatam valla jobs yekkuva avuthayi. Andariki jobs untayi, mana population lo youth yekkuva mandi unnaru ani cheppukovatam easy ye kani valla andariki jobs unnayi ani cheppatam kashtam. Ee initiatives valla andariki jobs vuntayi ane udhesam tho government ee initiatives tisukuntondhi.

Affordable Health for All

Recent times gurinchi telisinadhe, pandemic. Ee time lo mana India ne kakunda anni deshalu valla health care budget ni malli malli pariseelinchukunnaru. Indian government ee point kosam health expenditure ni 2.1% of GDP ni ivvali ani fix chesaru. Interesting part yenti antey pandemic appudu health expenditure increase ayyindi kani ah taruwata years lo decrease ayyindi, kani government of India, maku ippatiki telisindhi health care sector ki expenditure yekkuvey undali ani antondhi. Mana population and valla per capita income ni consider chesthe, chala mandi private sector lo health kosam karchu pettaleru. Alanti samayallo ee badyatha government tisukoni ah people ki help cheyali. Anduke health care budget ni penchamu ani government of India cheppindi.

Ee vishayanni rendu vidhaluga tisukovachu, okati 2.1% of GDP antey manchidi ani cheppukovachu kani ithara deshalatho compare chesukunte, like Israel, south korea tho, vallu 4% of GDP ni health care kosame karchu chestharu. 2.1% kuda takkuva yemi kaadu, valla initiative kuda manchidhe.

Government “sickle cell anemia elimination mission” ni kuda start chesindhi. Vallu yem annaru antey, ee vyadhi ni 2047 loga eliminate chestham annaru. Ila chaala diseases ni eliminate cheyali ani government cheppindi, vaatiloki ihi kuda add avuthundhi.

Dinitho paatu 157 new nursing colleges ni kuda yerpatu cheyabothunnaru. Dinilo interesting point yenti antey, India is net exporter of health care workers, doctors maatrame kakunda nurses kuda chala mandi India nunchi ithara deshalaku velli pani chese valle. Government of India ee vishyanni realize ayyi ee nursing colleges prarambhinchali ani nirnayam tisukundhi.

ICMR labs prarambhinchabothondhi, eesari private medical research tho kalisi, dinitho paatu pharmaceuticals lo research penchataniki yenno programs rabothunnayi. Manam discuss chesinattu China nunchi raw materials ni import chesukuntunnam, ee imports ni tagginchataniki government of India tisukunna initiative idhi.

Journey to India @100

Idhi manaki chaala dhooram lo undhi kani government of India mundhu ganey announce chesaru. India yokka 100 years of independence gurinchi ee part budget lo mention chesaru. 2047 chaala dhooram lo undachu kani ah year chala important year because India ki independence vachi 100 years avuthundhi.

Ah 2047 kosam government chala plan chesindhi, sickle cell anemia lantivi chala unnayi. Ivey kakunda government of India women yokka pramukyatha ni telusukundhi. Mana republic parade lo kuda theme of Nari Shakti was the highlight. Economy ki boost ivvali antey danilo women kuda oka part ayyundali ani government anukoni, “economic empowerment of women” anedhi modhalu petti danilo women ki skills nerpinchadam tho paatu vallani entrepreneurs ni cheyali anukuntunnaru.

PM Vishwakarma Kaushal samman, mana desham lo unna traditional artisans ki financial support mana traditional art ni tayaru chese valla sankya penchali anukuntunnaru. Dini valla Indian products ki value peruguthundhi, danitho Indian GDP and economy improve aye chances unnayi.

India lo tourism ni improve cheyataniki recent years lo tier-2 and tier-3 cities lo airports start chesaru. Idhi oka manchi nirnayam ani cheppukovachu. Ippudu ah cities lo attractive places untey, now we have direct connection with the city.

5) Unleashing the Potential

Kontha mandi business persons and konni institutions agencies kani inkedaina person daggaraku velli konni surveys adugutharu, ee surveys lo rise aye oka point yenti antey, business ye issues lekunda jaragali antey government sahayam undali. Veeti kosam government eesari budget lo konni changes chesindhi.

“Ease of doing business”, 39000 compliances have been reduced and 3400 have been decriminalized. Business cheyataniki follow avvalsina rules and regulations lo nunchi 39000 compliances ni reduce chesaru, dani tho paatu 3400 regulations ni decriminalize chesaru, antey chinna chinna mistakes ki criminal ani mudra veyakunda, fine/penalty tho saripedutharu ani antunnaru. business cheyatanni koddiga sulabhaparusthunnaru.

Production of lab grown diamonds, mana andarilo diamonds antey nachani vallu undaru. Mana earth crust lo diamonds dorakatam taggipothondhi, dini valla artificial ga diamonds tayaru chese trend start ayyindhi ithara countries lo, mana Indian government ee diamonds tayari vidhananni promote cheyataniki custom duties ni taggistham ani chepthondhi. Ila cheyatam valla Indian economy ki kuda upayogam.

6) Reaching the Last Mile

Dini midha government cheppina oka line, “no one to be left behind”. India yekkuva population unna country, ee desham lo unna prathi okkariki government help kavali. Anni tribes ki and andaru backward people kosam chesina ee prayathname ee reaching the last mile.

Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group

Pradhan Mantri PVTG (particularly vulnerable tribal group) development mission, tribal people kosam ee pathakanni start chesaru, vallaki andaritho paatu ga chaduvu andajeyatam kosam ye ee prayathnam.

Karnataka loni karuvu pranthalaki micro irrigation facilities kosam financial assistance mi provide cheyabothunnaru. yenduku Karnataka maatrame, yenduku migatha states ni mention cheyaledhu antey. Idhi trail maatrame, mundhu ga oka state lo start chesi adhi successful ga work ayite appudu migatha parts of India lo try chestharu.

Tribals kosam yerpatu cheyabadda 740 “eklavya schools” 38800 more teachers ni appoint cheyabothunnaru.

Free food grains to all antyodaya, pandemic lo start chesina ee pani ni inka konasaginchabothunnaru.

Bharat SHRI

Bharath SHRI, digitalization of ancient inscriptions, manaki telisina vishayam yenti antey tribals yevaritho kalavaru, vallaki separate food culture, medicines and a lots more untayi, vaati annitini sekarinchi vaatini digitalize cheyali ani anukuntunnaru. Migatha valla andariki kuda ee knowledge teliyataniki ee scheme ni start chesaru.

PM Awas Yojana

PM Awas Yojana, government of India prathi okkariki valla sontha illu undali aney udhesam tho ee karyakramanni chepattindhi, indhulo budget ni 66% ki penchindhi. Recent years lo Indian government chala panulu chesindhi ee karyakramanni cheyataniki. Like subsidy on home loans, interest rates tagginchatam lantivi.

Government of India ee year budget tho tana aalochanalni and unna problems ni focus chesi cheppindhi. Ikkada manam telusukovalsina mukyamaina vishyam yenti antey, ippudu cheppina budget list motham proposals maatrame. Cheppinavi anni chesthara leka cheyagalara anedhi yevvaru cheppaleru. Konni jarugachu konni jarugalevu. Asalu konni implement cheyagalara anedhi kachitamga cheppalem.

7) Financial Sector

Finance minister yem chepparante, customers ni kapadatam kosam konni amendments jaruguthayi, banking regulation act of 1949, RBI act of 1934 lanti vaatilo amendments jaruguthayi. Yenduku antey customers ki banking sector midha nammakam pokunda. Dinitho paatu manufacturing sector and services sector ki connect aye oka point chepparu.

Credit Guaranteed Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises

CGTMSE revamped, Credit Guaranteed Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises. Asalu credit guaranteed trust antey yenti, miru oka chinna vyapari anukondi, miku capital kosam bank ki vellinappudu, vallu check chesedhi mee earnings. Takkuva ga untayi, dinitho paatu pedda business tho polchukunte international market lo kani domestic market lo kani miku risk yekkuva. Dini valla banks chinna vyaparulaki capital ivvatam risk ani anukuntaru.

Indhukosam government ee scheme ni start chesaru, government oka trust fund ni start chestharu, dini valla banks ki ledha yedaina financial institution ki ee chinna vyaparula midha oka trust vasthundhi, ee trust fund kuda andariki labhinchaka povachu kani kontha satham mandiki ayina upayoga paduthundhi ga. Dabbulu vyaparulu ivvalekapothe ee trust fund lo nunchi reimburse chestharu. Ila cheyatam valla chinna vyaparulaki iche loans midha interst rates tagguthayi. Dabbulu government reimburse chesina cheyakapoina, chesthanu ani cheppatam valla banks ki risk margin tagguthundhi. Risk taggatam valla micro and small enterprises ki loans vasthayi.

Ee CGTMSE scheme kothadhi kaadu, inthaka mundhu nunchi undhi kani dinilo konni improvements chesi, ee year budget lo diniki 9000crore rupees ni allocate chestham ani chepparu. dini valla micro and small enterprises ki kuda loans issue avuthayi ani guarantee undhi.

Taxation

Tax exemption for startups extended by one more year, asalu startup company ani cheppukovali antey oka registration anedhi jarigi undali, kani finance minister ee tax exemption tenure ni gatha konni years ga penchukuntu vasthondhi. Diniki todu eesari budget lo malli inko year penchidhi. It is a 100% tax exemption.

Presumptive taxation for MSME’s is increased, presumptive taxation antey, mana budget and mana returns ni base chesukoni daniki taggattu tax ni pay cheyatam. Mana accounts ni chupinchi, ah accounts ki taginantha tax ni kaduthunnamu ani government ki prove chesukovali, generally presumptive tax rates will be 6% to some and 8% to some of them. Kani ippudu finance minister yem chepthunnaru antey, presumptive taxation limit will be increased. Antey 2crore revenue nunchi 3 crore revenue ki increase ayyindhi, so many MSME’s can have presumptive taxation.

Cooperatives, okavela veellu next one year lo manufacturing kana start chesthe vallaki lower tax rates varthisthayi. i.e., 15% tax.

Agniveer Funds

EEE status to Agniveer funds. Yevaraina agniveer ga select ayite, valla salary nunchi kontha bhagam agniveer funds loki cheruthundhi. Ilantivi chesetappudu tax kindaki vesukuntama ani miku doubt ravachu. Ivi tax kindaki raavu, it will all be exempted.

Ee schemes valla, government next year ki expect chese tax amount will be, 35000 crore rupees.

Personal IT Regime

New personal IT regime, intake mundhu unna tax system ni koddiga modify chesaru, intake mundhu mee income upto 5lakh rupees untey tax rebate chesukovachu, danni ippudu 7lakh daka maarcharu.  Mee income 0-3 lakh untey no tax, 3-6 lakh ayite 5% tax, 6-9 lakh ayite 10% tax, 9-12 lakh ayite 15%, 12.5-15 lakh ayite 20% and above 15lakh ayite 30% tax.

Expenditure & Revenue

Total government expenditure for this year will be around 45,03,097 crore rupees. highest spent on interest. Interest antey yento kaadu, intake mundhu tisukunna loans yokka interest.

Ye government ki ayina revenue should be greater than the expenditure, India last year revenue ni compare chesthe, it need more than 17.8 lakh crore rupees for this year estimated budget.

Government intha dabbu ni yekkada nunchi tisukosthundhi anu anukunte, 58% of money for the budget previous year taxes nunchi vasthundhu, migatha money lo 34% to 36% appu ga tisukuntundhi. Migatha 8% to 6% other sources nunchi vasthundhi.

Government expenditure lo more than 20% inthaka mundhu tisukunna appu ki interest payment kosam pothundhi.

Distribution to States

15th Finance Commission chesina recommendation prakaram states ki 41% distribute chesaru. Adi ee vidhanga chesaru.

Conclusion

Inflation and recession not only in India and other developed countries, Russia-Ukaraine war, pandemic in China, rising CAD and trade deficit. Ee nalugu manaki concerns ga unnayi, ee nalugu valla economy debba tintundhi. Manam Russia vaipu unnama leka Ukraine vaipu unnama anedhi point kaadu, ee war jaruguthunnantha varaku economy debba tintundhi.

Inflation and recession, China pandemic, rising CAD and trade deficit, ee nalugutilo yedi ayina Indian economy ni debba teeyagalavu. Mata varasaku ee nalugu samasyalu peddavi kaavu ani anukunte, konni favours India ki jaruguthunnayi, veeti valla Indian economy bagu pade chances unnayi. Avi yenti antey, chala deshalu China plus one aney starategy ni amalu chesukunnaru, okka desham midha ne depend avvakunda migatha countries midha kuda depend avvali ani start chesaru. Ah countries lo India andarikanna yekkuva hope ni isthunnaru. IMF stated that most of the growth will come from India as well as China.

Inflation concern ayundachu kani adhi ippudu slow avuthondhi. Core inflation perugatam ledhu. And rising CAD and trade deficit gurinchi tisukunte, world bank nunchi vachina report tisukunte, India is going to receive 100billion dollars in the form of remittance. Ila prathi okkati concern ye kani, prathi okka concern ki oka limit undhi. Ah limit ni maintain chesthe India will continue to live like a bright spot in the global market.

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Recent ga Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankhar matladuthu ee case and basic structure ni question chesaru. Idi chala mandini shock ki guri chesindi. Already continuous ga Government Judiciary ni criticize chesthune undi. Ipudu kotthaga ee amsham kuda add ayindi.

Government and Judiciary madhya problem artham kavali ante, ee article chadavandi Executive vs Judiciary – The Ongoing War!

Ika asalu vishayaniki velthe, asalu enduku ee Basic structure doctrine ki India lo intha importance and respect undi? Ee article lo telusukundam.

50 years of Basic Structure

Ee April 2023 ki 50 years kabothondhi, keshvanandha Bharathi case of 1973. Ee case lo supreme court doctrine of basic structure ni start chesaru. Basic structure doctrine anedi government nunchi kani, parliament nunchi kani constitution midha ye attack jarugakunda aapenduku chesaru. Amendments chese power ni tagginchenduku, oka limit lo pettenduku chesina doctrine idhi. Ade Basic structure doctrine.

Why is it in the news now?

Ee case ee year ki 50 years complete cheskuntondi anedi oka reason aythe, recent ga Vice President deenni question cheyadam pedda reason ga cheppochu. Vice president of india, jagdeep dhankhar(by being vice president of India, the person becomes ex official chairperson of rajya sabha) he is the chairman of the rajyasabha. First time Rajya Sabha meet ki velladu. Appudu aayana basic structure ni question chesadu. Collegium system gurinchi, danilo unna flaws gurinchi mataladaru. Judiciary system ni danilo unna collegium system ni takkuva chesi mataladaru, anthatitho aagakunda Kesavananda Bharathi case dwara chesina basic structure ni thappu pattaru.

Ghatha 50 years lo chala mandi experts and government officials kuda basic structure doctrine goppathanam gurinchi telusukunnaru, vyathirekinche matalade vallu kuda kontha time ki daani goppathanam ardam chesukunnaru. Alanti oka structure ni one of the senior, president taruwata vyakthi ila danni question chesthunnaru. Ila attack cheyatam valla constitution ki chaala pramadham. Judiciary system ni direct ga attack cheyatam tho paatu, Basic structure ni takkuva chesi mataladuthunnaru.

What is Basic Structure?

Mundhu basic structure doctrine gurinchi telusukundham. Asalu Basic structure doctrine gurinchi constitution lo ledhu. Basic structure anedhi supreme court rulings dwara evolve ayyindi. 1973 lo jarigina Kesavananda Bharathi case dwara idhi start ayyindi. Appati nunchi asalu basic structure antey yenti anedhi evolve avuthu vachindi. Asalu basic structure antey, modhati nunchi konni basic foundation features constitution chesina frame chesina mana founding fathers minds lo unnavi. Like India should be a democracy, Secularism,etc. Vaatini touch cheyatm kani, amend cheyatam kani jarugavu. Yendukante mana Indian democracy motham vaati midha ne aadhara padi undhi. Okavela government vaatini amend cheyatm modhalu pedithe, adhi collapse of democracy ki daari teesthundhi.

Supreme court ah foundation pillars ni identify chesindhi, Constitution cheyataniki gala karanalu, oka vision tho chesina konni chattalu, ilanti vaatini maarchakudadhu ani cheppedhe ee basic structure doctrine.

keshvananda Bharathi case lo, 13-judged bench kalisi ee verdict ni pass chesaru, ee basic foundation pillars ni parliament amendments cheyatam kudaradhu. Article 368 says that parliament ki amendments chese right undhi. Kaani Supreme court ichina ruling prakaram, ee basic structure ni maatram touch chese arhatha ledhu because ivi constitution yokka main principles. Ivi lenidhe constitution ledhu. Alanti vaatini change cheyataniki parliament ki arhatha ledhu ani cheppindi.

Deeni importance telusukovadaniki oka best example, oka ruling Government absolute majority lo undi Constitution ni amend chesi India ni Democracy nunchi Dictatorship chesthe? Republic nunchi vere country ki mana country ni appagisthe? Secularism nunchi Religious Nation ga maaristhe? Ivanni chala pramadam aynavi. Rajyangam rastunnapudu India ni ela imagine cheskunnaro, aa principles ni ee basic structure kaapaduthundi.

Yedaina law, ee basic structure ni damage chesedhi ga undhi ani supreme court ki anipisthe, the Supreme Court can declare it unconstitutional. Constitution ki viruddhan ga undhi ani kotteyochu.

Why everyone follows & respects it?

Ee doctrine constitution lo lekapoina sare chala mandi constitutional experts ee basic structure doctrine ni accept chesthunnaru. Government officials kuda ee basic structure ni angikarinchevallu. 1970’s tough period for india, appati government ki judiciary system ki kuda ippati laga godavalu jaruguthunnayi, kani ah time lo ilanti bill pass chesaru. Indira Gandhi kuda independence of judicial system ni aapali ani prayathninchindhi. Appudu judiciary system oka line geesi, parliament ki kaani government ki kaani powers anevi limited ani cheppindi. Basic structure  ni meeru change cheyakudadhu. Majority of people vote chesaru ani ah government ki nachindhi chesthanu antey kudaradhu. Democracy lo ila jarugadhu. Veeti nunchi kapadataniki supreme court basic structure doctrine ni srushtinchindhi.

Parliament nunchi vachina ye amendment ayina okavela basic structure ni debba teese la untey supreme court has authority to declare it as unconstitutional. Constitution ni kapadataniki ee basic structure mukhyam. Basic structure is the principle of the constitution. Foundation fathers yokka collective vision, set of principles which gives constitution an identity and distinct ideals tho nindi undhi mana constitution.

What comes under Basic Structure?

Oka example tisukundham. India ni parliament system nunchi presidential system ki change chese oka amendment ni tisukuravocha…kudaradhu, yendukante adhi one of the core features ni debba teesthundhi. Manam Westminister parliamentary model ni use chesthunnam, dinilo part of the elected legislature goes on to form the executive. This is British parliamentary model. Dinni yenduku amend cheyalem, because this is part of the basic structure of the constitution and cannot be changed.

India ni mothanni democratic nunchi dictatorship ki tisukoche amendment cheyagalama…no yendukante, part of basic structure is rule of law. India is secular country, dinni marchalem. Alage motham government and parliament kalisi oka religion ni adapt chesukomante kudhuruthundha…no. okavela ila jarigithe that will be the last day for Indian constitution, yendukante constitution midha government or parliament tana supremacy ni pettindhi ani chupisthondhi. Anduke supreme court ee basic structure doctrine ni pass chesindhi. Doctrine of separation of powers, independent judiciary and separate jurisdiction for states ilanti vaati midha yedaina amendment vasthe, that will be breaking down the basic structure doctrine, according to supreme court.

Basic Structure constitutes of:

1. Supremacy of the Constitution
2. Unity and sovereignty of India
3. Democratic and republican form of government
4. Federal character of the Constitution
5. Secular character of the Constitution
6. Separation of power
7. Individual freedom

Alage tarvatha years lo ee Basic structure evolve avtunna koddi add ayinavi:

1. Rule of law
2. Judicial review
3. Parliamentary system
4. Rule of equality
5. Harmony and balance between the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy
6. Free and fair elections
7. Limited power of the parliament to amend the Constitution
8. Power of the Supreme Court of India under Articles 32, 136, 142 and 147
9. Power of the High Court under Articles 226 and 227

Evolution of Basic Structure

Overall ga chala different judgements lo ee Basic Structure doctrine evolve ayindi. Aa judgements:

1. Shankari Prasad Case (1951)
2. Sajjan Singh case (1965)
3. Golaknath case (1967)
4. Kesavananda Bharati case (1973)
5. Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain case (1975)
6. Minerva Mills case (1980)
7. Waman Rao Case (1981)
8. Indra Sawhney and Union of India (1992)
9. S.R. Bommai case (1994)

Minerva mills vs union of india 1980 case lo basic structure inka balam ga evolve ayyindi. Ee case lo parliament kuda constitution lo oka bhagam ye ani court cheppindi. Parliament puttindhe constitution nunchi. Repu yeppudaina parliament article 368 (to make amendments to Constitution) ni upayoginchukoni motham constitution basic structure ni change cheyocha…no. Okavela ala chesthe constitution kanna supremacy parliament ki untundhi. That will be the death of democracy. Constitution should be on top of everything in a democracy.

Inko observation yenti antey, keshvananda Bharathi case lo justice H.R.Khanna, oka manchi argument ni icharu. Yenti antey, ‘amendment’ antey yenti, dictionary lo amendment antey ‘a minor change or making a small change to improve’. He said, article 368 parliament ni chinna chinna changes chesenduku undhi kani motham basic structure ni change chesendhuku kaadu. Article 368 ni use chesukoni oka state ni create cheyochu kani motham parliament system ni change cheyatam, ledha india ni Theological ga change cheyatam kani  kudaradhu.

Criticism

Diniki counter argument ga, inni rules and amendments chesina Supreme Court mathram collegium system lantidhi use chesthu, government and parliament iche decisions ni yenduku kaadu antondhi, idhi violation of basic structure kaadu antara? Chala mandi experts yem antunnaru antey, supreme court amendments strike out chesthondhi unconstitutional ani reason cheppi, kani supreme court mathram tanaki tanu collegium system dwara appoint chesukuntondhi… Idhe na democracy antey. Idhi kuda basic structure ki virudham kaada?

Judicial Overreach chesi Supreme court kuda above Parliament la behave cheyadam leda? Idi kuda violation eh kadaa.

Conclusion

Dr.Sudhir Krishnaswamy says, in his book ‘democracy and constitutionalism in India’, that you cannot question basic structure doctrine but you can question it’s interpretation. Supreme court konni flaws chesundachu but the vice president of India questioned the basic structure itself. Constitution kinda pani chese vyakthi adhe constitution ni question cheyakudahu. Vice president chesindhi adhe. Ide Vice President monnati varaku Bengal Governor ga unnapudu, Governor padavi perutho democratically elected government ni chala ibbandhi pettadu. Ipude ide vyakthi Democratically elected Parliament Supreme court kante ekkuva important and pai cheyi undali executive ki over Judiciary antunnaru.

To understand this article better, read Executive vs Judiciary – The Ongoing War!

Also read Anti Defection Law

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Ee article government and judiciary system madyalo jarige gharshana gurinchi explain chesthu raasindhi. Ghatha konni nelala nundi Supreme court ki sambandhinchina “collegium system” gurinchi ee gharshanalu jaruguthunnayi. Ee vishayanni discussion loki tisukuvachindhi union law minister “Kiren Rijiju”.

collegium system antey: The chief justice of india along with four senior-most supreme court judges recommend appointments and transfer of judges.

Where did it start?

2015 ki velthe…Ila vallalo valle appoint chesukune padhathini teeseyali ani government anukoni Government 2015 lo oka constitutational amendment ni chesindi. Ah amendment lo judges appointment kosam “NJAC-National Judicial Appointment Commission” ni erpaatu chesaru. Ee amendment lo a mixed party of officials. Judiciary officials, chief justice and senior judges tho paatu executive and legislative member kuda undali ani. So Government ki kuda hakku untundi. Kani supreme court daniki angikarinchaledhu. Ila parliament lo oka amendment pass chesthe supreme court danni unconstitutional ga pariganinchi danni kotti vesindhi.

Ee 2015 act base chesukoni government including vice president and Kiren Rijiju judiciary system ni target chesi aduguthunnaru. Parliament lo pass ayina oka constitutional amendment ni yela meeru kotti veyagalaru, idhi democracy laga anipinchatledhu, yennuko badda valla chetha pass avvabadina oka law ni meeru yela kotti veyagalaru. Dini midha prasnisthu Kiren Rijiju oka maata annaru “collegium system is opaque and unaccountable”. Collegium system lo yem jaruguthondho migatha vallaki teliyatledhu, yela yennukuntunnaru ani yevariki samadhanalu kuda cheppatledhu. Kani judiciary system tanadhi thappu ledhani antondhi. Ee judicial independence anedhi constitution ki one of the basic structures. Ee judicial independence undali antu defend chesukuntondhi.

Nijanga Parliament ki ee supremacy unda? Leda Judiciary ki unda? Asalu ee Legislative (manam ennukunna vallu/laws thayaru chese vallu , e.g.: MLA/MP), Executive (Laws execute chese vallu, e.g.: Ministers), Judiciary (Law correct ga follow ayyela chuse vallu, e.g.: Courts) ki elanti powers unnay?

Separation of Powers

Ee issue gurinchi inka detailed ga ardam avvali antey mundhu ga manaki konni concepts telisi undali. One of the concept is separation of powers, i,e triaspolitica model by Montesquieu. Ye democratic country lo ayina powers three ga divide ayi untayi. Avi, LEGISLATURE, JUDICIARY and EXECUTIVE. Montesquieu yem cheppadu antey, ye democratic country lo ayina ee three pillars ki powers equal and separate ga undali, antey balance of power is must and alaney okari vishayallo lo inkokaru interfere avvakudadhu. Alage oka branch control thappakunda maro rendu branches check cheyali. Mana Indian constitution lo kuda ee model ne teeskunnaru.

How Judges Appointment process evolved?

Ila powers ni separate chesukunna taruwata asalu judges yela appoint cheyabadutharu ani telusukundham. Indian constitution lo judges ni appoint cheyataniki two articles unnay. Article124 and Article217

Ee rendu articles lo unnadhi yenti antey high courts and supreme couts ki judge ni appoint chese adhikaaram president ki untundhi. President judge ni appoint chesetappudu athaniki sahayam cheyataniki council of ministers untaru, kani vallu cheppina vallane select cheyali ani ledhu. 1980’s varaku council of ministers chethilo kuda power undedhi kani ah taruwata konni cases lo vadhanalu vini supreme court ee collegium system ni yerpatu chesindhi. 1980’s nunchi 1990’s madyalo jarigina konni cases aadharam ga tisukoni, “the three judges” cases ani peru vachina cases, veetini base chesukoni judiciary system tanaki tanu ga ee collegium system ni yerpatu chesukundhi.

Supreme court lo judges ni appoint cheyali antey, the chief justice and naluguru senior most judges cherchinchukoni decide chestharu, alagey oka high court lo appoint cheyalanna leka transfer cheyalanna the chief justice of the respective high court and iddaru senior most judges kalisi nirnayistharu. Ee collegium system ki oka process antu yemi ledhu, yevarini yela select chesthunnaru ani cheppenduku oka pattern ledhu. Andhuvalla chala mandi deenini oppukovatledhu. Deeni midha chala vimarsalu kuda yerpaddayi.

What is Judiciary’s stand?

Ee vishayala midha judiciary system ichina samadhanam yenti antey, ila untey ne government nunchi judiciary system ni kapadukovachu. Okavela government ki power untey judiciary system ni manipulate cheyochu, ruiling party vallu vallaki nachina vyakthi ni judge ga pettukovachu, nachani vyakthini teeseyochu. Ila jarigithe judiciary system ni control chesinattu avuthundhi. Control cheyatam valla democracy ane padhaniki ardam lekunda pothundhi, like tiaspolitica lo cheppinattu executive should not interfere with judiciary. Constitution lo cheppinattu ye okkatti migatha renditi vishayallo tala dhoorchakudadhu.

The Conflict – Executive vs Judiciary

Ippudu ikkada godava collegium system tappu ani government and NJAC tappu ani judiciary system.

Government ki judges ni appoint chese adhi kaaram undhi kani yevarini appoint cheyali anedhi collegium system decide chesthundhi,collegium system veellani appoint cheyamani chepthe vallani government appoint cheyali. Kani NJAC ni pass cheyaledhu aney kaaranam tho government ee appointments ni 2015 nunchi delay chesthondhi. Okavela government veellu kaadu inkokarini appoint cheyandi ani ah names ni tirigi pampina sare, collegium system tirigi avey names ni pampithe, government tappakunda vallaney appoint cheyali. Government ki vere vallani appoint cheyamani cheppe avakasam okkasari maathreme undhi, andhuvalla government ah names ni chudataniki pettukovalsina appointment ni delay chesthunnaru. Ila delay cheyataniki intha time ye undhi ani rule yemi ledhu, government yeppudu kavalante appati varaku delay cheyochu. Ila 2015 nunchi government delay chesthondhi, government ki yenduku delay chesthunnaru ani reason kuda avasaram ledhu.

Collegium system sarrigga pani cheyatam ledhu ani cheppatam kosam government ila chesthondhi. Gatha 1 and a half to 2 years nunchi top government leaders and law minister kuda judiciary system sarigga pani cheyatam ledhu ani public lo chepthunnaru.

Ee madya kalam lo ee samasya gurinchi. Kiren rijiju the chief justice of india ki letter raasi cheppadu. Executive should be given a role in the appointment process. Collegium system lo government representative undali ani letter rasadu. Union government representatives in the supreme court collegium and state government representative in the high court collegium, ala chesthe government ki judicial lo kuda power unnattey.

The Analysis

Ikkada rendu points valid ye, direct ga judiciary system lo ki government involve avvali anatam wrong alagey collegium system lo kuda flaw undhi. Vere deshalatho compare chesukunte, yekkada kuda judges ni vallaki valley appoint chesukoru. Ikkada oka point midha iddaru angikarinchachu. Collegium system ni update cheyali, chesi inkoddhiga open ga unchali kani asalu question yenti antey ikkada government involvement ivvali ah leka vaddu ah?

Last 1and a half to 2 years consider chesthe government judicial system mothanni takkuva chesi mataladuthondhi. Judicial system cheppindi correct ye, basic structure debba tinakunda, i,e  executive involvement lekunda government inko proposal tisukoni vachundachu. NJAC tappu ani judiciary system cheppindi kani government inko proposal tisuku rakudadhu ani cheppaledhu.

Ila government delay cheyatam valla direct ga judiciary system midha attack prakatinchi nattey. Judiciary system nunchi vachina names ni consider cheyaunda ah appointments ni delay chesthe motham judiciary system ni takkuva chesinatte. Ee country ki yevaru judge ga undalo anedhi government decide cheyali anukuntondhi, anduke ila direct ga attack chesthunnaru anedi major opinion.

Finally, yentha judiciary system independent ga undali anukunna ee collegium system democratic country ayina india lo oka best example ani cheppukolem. Government ki danni tappu ani cheppatam kuda correct, kani ee padhathilo kaadu. Government inko amendment ni yenduku pass cheyakudadhu, ila direct ga judicial system ni attack cheyakunda. Ide maata Supreme court kuda cheppindi. Endukante, 2015 lo Supreme court ichina judgement is binding on the Supreme court as well. Supreme court iche judgements anni courts and institutions tho paatu Supreme court kuda aa judegement ki kattubadi undali. So only way is Government inko new Amendment teeskuravali instead of attacking the Judiciary.

Ala ani manam direct ga velli government dhi tappu ani cheppalem, both sides of arguments ni appreciate cheyali.

Conclusion

Judiciary Collegium system lo flaws unnayi, reforms cheyali judiciary system lo ani constitutional experts kuda agree chestharu , marpulu jaragali ani oppinchali and alage government kuda ila direct ga attack cheyatam tappu, two or more amendments chesi inko bill ni pass cheyali, iddariki saripoyela oka padhathi tisuku ravali. Antey kani ila direct ga attack cheyakudadhu.

Oka padhathi kavali, yelantidhi antey ye okka organ ki upper hand undakudadhu. Like legislative keeps judiciary and executive under check, judiciary keeps legislative and executive under check and executive keeps legislative and judiciary under check. Asalu overlapping anedhi jarugakunda undadhu kani danni control lo unchali. okavela yedaina oka organ power migatha renditi kanna yekkuva kavali ani anukunte that will lead to the destruction of democracy.

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Rajasthan, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Manipur ye 4 states lo gatham lo rajakiya sanksobham sambhavinchindhi. Ee time lo mana ki baga vinipinchina peru Anti-Defection Law.

India lo 1970-80’s lo party phirayimpulu baga jarigeyvi, veetini nivarinchi rajakila viluvalanu kapadadam kosam appatlo mana pradhani Rajiv Gandhi garu 1985 lo 52^nd constitution amendment dwara 4 articles (101,102, 190 and 191) ni marchi, dhaniki 10^th schedules ni mana constitution ki add chesi Anti-Defection Law ni teesukoni vacharu.

Anti-Defection Law enti ante oka political party nunchi poti chesi gelichina abyardhi, gelichaka inko party lo join ithe athanini parliament or state legislative assembly nunchi disqualify chesey avakasani party laki kalpinchindhi.

Anti-Defection Law prakaram disqualify iye situations

1.Oka party nunchi empikaina sabyudu thana sabyatvaniki swachandham ga rajinama chesinapudu.

2.Thana party jaari chesina aadeshalanu ante whip ki opposite ga vote chesi tharuvatha 15 days lo party athanini kshaminchakapothe disqualify cheyavachu. In case, aa 15 days lo party sabyulu aathanini kshamisthe aa party lo ne konasagali.

Oka person oka party lo win iyi inko party ki marithe aadhi prajalanu mosam chesinattu ga pariganaloki teesukuntaru. Endhuku ante prajalu aa oka party sidhaanthalanu nammi oka person ni gelipistharu kabbati.

3. Oka candidate election lo independent ga win iyi inko party lo join ithe athani sabyathvam raddhu avuthundhi. Athanu ye political party lo join avvakunda independent ga oka party ki support cheyavachu.

4.Chatta sabha lalo nominate iyina person, nominate iyyaka inko party lo ki velthe athani sabyathvam kolpothadu. Aithe nominated date nunchi 6 months lopu vere party loki velthe disqualify cheyaru.

Anti-Defection Law Minahayinpulu(Exceptions)

1.Oka sabyudu oka party lo win iyi aa party inko party lo merge iyyaka aa person edithe party tho merge iyindho aa party lo join ithe sabyathvam raddhu cheyaru.

2.Oka party lo 2/3^rd members inko party lo join ithe sabyathvam raddhu cheyaru, endhuku ante aa party vidipovadam ga kakunda rendo party lo merge iyinattu ga bhavinchali.

3.Oka person legislative assembly or parliament lo presiding officer ga kani, speaker ga kani, deputy speaker ga kani , chairman or deputy chairman ga elect iyinapudu athanu thana party sabyathvaniki raajinama chesina ledha padhavi kalam mugisina tharuvatha malli party lo ki cherina aathani sabyathvam raadhu kadhu, Kaani ade person thanu padhavilo unnapudu party membership ki raajinama chesi marala ade party or vere party lo join ithe athaniki ADL apply cheyochu.

10^th schedule prakaram oka party lo ni 1/3^rd members oka cheelika valla vere party loki marithe valla sabyathvam raddhu iyyedhi kadhu kani, 2003 lo 93^rd constitutional amendment prakaram dhanini teesi veyadam jarigindhi.Dhanitho paatu defect chesina person ni punish cheyadam kosam athani term iyye varaku leka vache elections varaku athanini mantri padhavi lo kani ye ithara government or financial or profitable post la lo uncharadhu ani thelipindhi.

Ee Anti-Defection Law prakaram oka member yokka membership cancel chesey adhikaram presiding officer ke untundhi and speaker de final decision. ye court kuda question cheyadaniki veelu ledhu, kani “Kihoto holloha vs Zachiluhu” case lo ila cheyadam constitution ki against ani kotti vesindhi.10^th schedule lo speaker dhi final decision kani idhi oka tribunal la pani chesidhi. Kabbati ela ithe tribunal yokka decision justice review ki lodabi untundho alane speaker yokka decision kuda justice ki subjected ga untundhi ani cheppindhi.

ADL prakaram evaru speaker/chairman ki complain cheyochu

Anti Defection Law prakaram 2013 varaku okka legistlator matrame presiding officer ki complain cheyavochu ani undedhi, kani “Utkal keshari parida Versus Orissa Speaker” issue lo supreme court evarina ADL midha unna complaint ni speaker/chairman dhagara register cheyavachu ani cheppindhi.

Anti Defection Law apply chese mundhi evari midha ithe aa law apply cheyali anukuntunaro thana vaadhana vinipinchukone adhiram athani ki undhi.

“Shir R S Rana and Others Versus S Maurya and Others” case lo supreme court member thama membership ni voluntary ga resign cheyadam ante enti ane dhaniki total explanation ichindi. Oka person thana membership ki resign cheyakunda ne thana party ni open ga tiduthu, party meets ki attend kakunda and at the same time opponent party ki support chesi valla political meets ki attend ithe apudu thana membership ni voluntary ga vadilesinatte avuthundhi.Mana Rajya Sabha member ina Shardh Yadav and Ali Anwar lu ilanti pravarthana valle valla membership ni kolpoyaru.

10^th schedule yokka loop hole enti ante Speaker thana decision cheppadaniki oka particular time period ledhu. T. Srinivas Yadav Telangana legislative lo TDP member (2014 elections) kani election win iyina tharuvatha TRS lo join iyyaru. Apudu KCR garu chief minister ga unnaru. Ikkada speaker ruling political party ki chendinvaru. Kabbati indirect ga ruling party ki supportive ga untaru. Ikkada Srinivas Yadav gari midha complaint chesaru kani speaker final decision teesukoledhu endhuku ante time limit anedhi ledhu kabbati. Ade time lo Srinivas Yadav garini Commercial Tax and Cinematography ki Minister ga niyamincharu. Deeni midha Telangana high court lo case vesaru. High court Srinivas Yadav garini ministry nunchi thappinchindhi kani disqualification gurinchi em cheyalekapoyindhi. Endhuku ante speaker thana final decision ni inka cheppaledhu, so court helpless ga undhipoyindi. Tharuvatha Srinivas Yadav garu next elections ki TRS nunchi poti chesi win iyyaru.

What happened in Karnataka??       

Karnataka lo elections tharuvatha yei party government form cheyalekapoyindhi. BJP ki ekkuva seats vachina kani majority touch cheyalekapoyindhi.

JDS and INC party lu kalisi collation government ni form chesindhi kani aa majority ni ekkuva rojulu kapada lekapoyindhi. Endhuku ante rendu party la MLA lu thama resignation echi BJP lo join iyyaru.

Kaani ikkada speaker INC party ki elect ina vaaru. So ventane aa MLAs ni ADL prakaram disqualify chesi vallani remaining 3½ years house lo rakunda and election lo contest cheyakunda disqualify chesaru. Vallu supreme court lo petition vesaru. Supreme court speaker ni support chesindhi kani aa disqualify ina Mla’s ki election lo contest cheyadaniki chance ichindh. Anukunatte andharu elections lo participate chesaru and win iyyaru. ipudu aa members BJP lo undi minister padavulalo konasaguthunaru.

Ade vidham ga Madhya Pradesh lo Jyotir Aditya Sindhiya ki support ichina 21 MLAs  INC ki resign chesi BJP lo join iyyaru. ikkada kuda Karnataka laga BJP government ni form chesindhi. ADL lo resignation ni kuda oka loop hole laga use chesukoni ila chesthunaru. Resign chesina person ki remaining term ni kuda disqualify chesey reform ni teesukoni raavali. Apudu ee loop hole ni complete ga cover cheyochu. Ila chesthe defectors ki situation anevi tough avuthai.

What Happened in Manipur??

2017 lo Manipur lo election jarigayi. Manipur lo motham 60 seat laku ganu 28 seat lu INC win iyi single largest party ga form iyindhi. Ade elections lo BJP ki 21-22 seats vachai, kani governor of Manipur BJP ki government form cheyamani invite chesaru. Apudu INC lo unna 8 MLAs party ki resign chesi BJP lo join iyyaru.

Ikkada ADL apply cheyaledhu. Speaker asalu e issues lo involve kuda avvaledhu. Endhuku ante speaker leading political party ki favor ga unnaru, so INC Mla’s ni disqualify cheyaledhu. Aa 8 MLAs lo oka T.H ShyamKumar ane athaniki Forest Ministry ni chesaru.

E issue lo Supreme court division bench head ina Rohinton Fali Nariman article 142 (justice ni kapadadam kosam elanti order ina supreme court pass cheyavochu) ni use chesaru. Cabinet Minister ina ShyamKumar ni legislative assembly loki allow cheyakudadhu ani order pass chesindhi. Endhuku ante athanu party phirayincharu kabbati. Speaker ye rojithe thana decision ni cheptharo apude thanu assemble lo ki enter iye chance untundhi. Appati varaku allow cheyakudadhu. Thatuvatha Shyamkumar ni cabinet minister ga teesi vesaru . Final ga speaker Shyam kumar ni assemble nunchi disqualify chesaru. Evarithe INC party nunchi bayatiki vachesaro vallaki Rajya Sabha elections lo vote vese chance kolpoyaru. Ila supreme court thanaki unna special power (article 142) ni use chesi MLAs ni disqualify chesindhi.

What Reforms should Government need to implement in ADL

1. Speaker thana decision ni particular time limit lo cheppali delay cheyakudadhu.
2. Legislation member evarithe self ga resign chestharo valla ki unna migilina term kuda house lo ki allow cheyakudadhu.
3. Speaker win iyina party support ga untaru kabbati, ADL decision ni Governor, EC or President decide chesi final result ni speaker ki cheppela reforms teesukoni ravali.
4. 2/3^rd measure ni teesiveyali.
5. Oka party member party ichina prathi order or rule ni for sure ga paatinchali lekunte ADL apply cheyali.

Adhikaram, Dhana, Vasthulabalu leka ithara prayojanala valla jarigey rajakiya phirāyimpu lani addukovadaniki e law ni 1985 lo 52^nd constitution amendment dwara mana mundhuki teesukoni vacharu. E law kontha varaku rajakiya viluvalani kapadindhi, poorthi reforms tho kanuka e chattam vasthe inka merugaina rajayikkalu untai ani bhavinchali.

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When and who started Air India?

Air India start chesindhi J.R.D.Tata. 1932 lo Tata Air Services name tho start chesaru gradual ga adhi Tata Airlines ga marindhi. J.R.D.Tata oka Indian Aviator, industrialist, chairman of Tata group. 1929 lo India lo first licensed pilot kuda ithane. Tata group under lo unna chala industries Tata consultancy services, Tata motors, Titan Industries, Tata salt, Voltas and ee Airlines ki founder kuda. 

Color and Logo

Air India color scheme eppudu red and white eh untundi. Valla airplanes anni kuda white tho paint ayyi red color lo name rasi untundi. Air India name kuda English and Hindi lo rasi untundi. Window frames matram palace style designs tho untayi. “Palace in sky” aney slogan ni represent chesthu.

First logo ni 1948 lo reveal chesaru. Ah logo lo first 9^th zodiac sign Sagittarius laga undedi. Half horse inka half human type lo and arrow strength ni speed ni and movement ni indicate chesthunnattu. Idhey 2007 varaku continue indhi. Taruvatha eppudu ithe Indian airlines tho collaborate indho May 22^nd, 2007 na kottha logo ni reveal chesaru. Andulo oka flying swan konark wheel unnattu untundhi.

JRD and his working style

J.R.D.Tata appudappudu surprise visits chesthu undevaru appatlo. Prathi pani neat ga and perfect ga jarugutundo ledho ani telusukovadam kosam. Employees food serve cheyadam ina sarigga dress chesukunnaro ledo ani pratidi perfect ga undali ani anukunevaru. Okkosari counter dirty ga unte ayane clean chesevaru. Edhi ina neat ga perfect ga undali ani andariki telipevaru.

1950’s lo janalu ekkuva ee airlines lo ne travel chesevaru. Air India kante British airways faster jet service ni provide chesina kani. Dhaniki main reason staff andhinchey service and valla pampering koram.

1967 lo ithey first class passengers ki Salvador Dali aney artist design chesina Ash tray ni gift ga icchevaru. Oka well known artist design chesina danini gift ga ivvadam tho andharu surprise ayyevaru. Salvador Dali chesina daniki oka baby elephant ni gift ga icchindi.

First flight!

India lo first Airline ee Tata Airlines eh. Appudu lo first flight Karachi nundi Mumbai ki vellindhi. Taruvatha Madras ki cherukundi. 15th october 1932 lo ee flight start indhi. Kani indulo passengers leru. Mail ni matrame carry chesindhi. Ala vere cities ki kuda expand ayyindhi. 1938 lo Tata Air services nunchi Tata Airlines kinda marindhi.

1939 lo  World war II time lo men and material ni kuda carry chesindhi. World war II taruvatha ee Tata Airlines Public limited company ayyindi. So, finally 1946 July 29th na Tata Airlines kastha Air India ayyindhi. 

Nationalisation 

Later on India ki Independence vacchina taruvatha nationalisation anedhi oka hot topic ga marindhi. Government ah time lo nationalise chesina chala companies lo ee airlines kuda okati. 1947 lo 49% of stakes ni government of India teesukundhi. Ah time lo J.R.D.Tata nationalisation ki oppose chesaru. Dhaniki karanam Indian government ki ah time ki Airline company ni run chese experience ledhu, and nationalisation ante government eh mottham decisions anni teesukuntundhi ani. Aina kani government nationalise cheyadam tappaledhu. 

J.R.D.Tata ki nationalisation assalu nacchaledu, dhaniki badulu government kavalaney ila chesindhi ani statements pass chesaru. Taruvatha Government eh J.R.D.Tata ni pilichi mari Air India ki chairman ni chesindhi. J.R.D.Tata alochinchi Air India ki and Indian Airlines ki charge teesukunaru. 1978 varaku ayana ee rendu positions lo unnaru.

First international flight

1948 June 8th na four engine lockheed Constellation L-749A aircraft ane first international flight Bombay to London ki vellindhi. Appudu nundi inka venakki tirigi chuskoledhu. 1948 to 1950 lo Chala international flight routes add chesaru. Nairobi, Rome, Paris, Dusseldorf add ayyay. Taruvatha kottha lockheed Constellation L-1049 vacchindho ah taruvatha Thailand, Singapore, Japan, Hong Kong lanti dooram countries ni kuda add chesaru. 1953 lo air corporations Act pass ayyina tarvatha Government of India majority stake ni purchase chesi Air India International Limited ani name marchindhi.

History

Tarvtha 1960 lo first Boeing 707-420 aircraft introduce ayyina tarvatha Air India jets ni use cheyadam start chesindhi. New York ki kuda flight services ni start chesindi. And ala 1962 lo world lo ne first all-jet Airline ayyindi. 1962 June 8th na official ga Air India International Limited nundi Air India ga name ni short chesaru. 

Tarvatha 1970 lo ee airlines offices ni downtown Bombay ki shift chesindhi. 

1971 lo first Boeing 747-200B ni start chesindhi. 1986 lo first Air Bus ni A310-300 ni start chesindi. Ah time lo idhi largest passenger service. Tarvta 1988 lo passenger plus cargo ni kalipi two Boeing 747-300Ms ni start chesindhi. 

Tarvta 1993 lo first Boeing 747-400 Konark aney peru tho New York and Delhi ki first non-stop flight start chesindhi.

May 28, 1997 lo first online ki vacchindi. Official website www.airindia.com start indhi.

1999 lo Mumbai Chhatrapathi shivaji international airport lo first dedicated terminal open chesindhi.

March 2003 lo Iraq nundi Indian citizens ni evacuate cheyadam kosam Kuwait ki special flights dedicate chesindhi. Tarvtha 2005 lo Air India Express ni launch chesindhi. Total air India ki idhi low cost airline.

June 2007 lo Air India cargo services ni start chesindhi. Alage July end ki USA ki non-stop flights ni kuda start chesindhi.

2012 lo economic loss vacchindhi. Jet Airways, IndiGo, Spicejet ni first 3 places lo unchi Air India 4^th place ki vellipoindi.

2013 lo etihad airways ki 5 Boeing 777-200LR aircrafts ni and Boeing 787 Dreamliners ammi and lease ki ivvadam dwara konni debts ni clear chesindhi.

How did Air India get into loss?

Air India loss ki velladaniki main reason debts meeda unde high interest rate. And obviously private airlines valla low-cost competition ekkuva ayyindhi.

Alage passenger revenue income kuda taggindhi. Targets ni reach avvalekapovadam oka main reason.

International flights valla airlines ki chala ne loss vacchindhi. 2015-16 time lo North America and Europe ki unna flights valla almost 2,323 crores loss vacchindhi.

Manpower ni kuda use cheskovadam lo fail indhi Air India. Widebody ki 291 pilots and narrow body aircrafts ki 554 pilots requirement unte 2015-16 ki almost 86 extra pilots undevaru. Adhi kuda oka rakanga loss ki contribute chesindhi.

Indian airlines tho 2007 lo merge ayyaka chalane loss vacchindhi. 2017-18 lo 5,348.18 crores loss vacchindhi. 2018-19 lo 8,556.35 crores loss vacchindhi. 2019-20 lo 7,982.83 crores loss vacchindhi. Total net loss 9,500-10,000 crores loss vacchindhi March 2021 ki.

Total losses chuskunte 2020 March 31^st ki 70,820 crores losses accumulate ayyayi.

Centre divesting its stakes in Air India

1990s lo Private carriers peruguthu undatam tho competition kuda ekkuva ayyindhi. Domestic and International flights lo kuda fail avthu vacchindi melliga. Poor service and hospitality ani peru kuda tecchukundhi.

May 2000 lo Vajpayee ruling lo unna government 60% of government shares ni ammeyadaniki decide ayyindhi. But ah pricess fail indhi.

Tarvutha chala kastalu paduthune Air India ni kapaduthu vacchindi. Kani 2007 lo Indian Airlines ni and Air India ni merge chesindhi. Kani chivariki idhi kuda kapadalekapoindhi.

Chivaraki Civil Aviation minister ina Ajith Singh privatization okkate Air India ni kapadagaladhu ani annaru.

And then malli 2017-18 time lo kuda divestment ki try chesina kuda malli fail indhi. Dhaniki karanam oka bid kuda rakapovadam. Dhaniki enno karanalu unna kani main reason matram government minority stake ni unchukovali anukovadam and bidders Air India debt lo undi ani assume cheskodam.

What happened now?

Intial ga 2018 lo 76% stake ni offer chesindi. Ante migatha stake ni government hold chesukovali anukundhi. Kani ippudu matram 100% stake ni ammeyadaniki chusindhi. Alage 2018 lo centre buyer ni Rs.33,392 crore debt ni take over cheyali ani chusindhi. Kani ippudu Rs.23,000 crore ni take over cheyali ani annadhi out of Rs.60,074 crore.

Ippudu april 2021 lo financial bids ni start chesaru. And recent ga October 2021 lo 18,000 crores tho bid chesina Tata group win ayyi malli Air India ni valla sontham cheskundi.

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You must have heard about Pegasus Spyware! Asalu ee Pegasus spyware ante enti. Idhi ela work avuthundhi, deeni valla manaki unna threats enti, ee malware evaru use chestunnaru, ekkada use chesthunnaru, ela use chesthunaru aney details anni ippudu teluskundham.

All over world lo unde chala media outlets involve ayyi andaru kalipi start chesina project eh Project Pegasus. Idhi oka global collaborative investigative project. India nundi The wire, US nundi Washington post, France nundi Lemont, UK nundi the Guardian. Alage not for profit organisations like Paris nundi Forbidden stories, Amnesty International. Veellu andaru kalisi all over the world lo surveillance meedha use chesey oka highly sophisticated malware meedha investigation start chesaru. And oka report lo ee malware ni use chesukuni world lo undey chala mandi noted persons ni surveillance lo unchadaniki target chesaru ani chepparu. Pegasus Spyware India lo ithe hundreds of famous personalities ni target chesaru like opposition party leaders, noted journalists, government ki against ga protests ni organise chesey social activists, former election commissioner and konni government ministers kuda ee list lo unnaru.

What is Pegasus spyware?

Pegasus spyware anedhi oka highly sophisticated military grade spyware. Oka device ni target chesi danini infect cheyadaniki use chestharu. Ee malware ni upayoginchi spy chesi information antha gather chestharu. Ee spyware ni develop chesindhi Israeli cyber arms firm known as NSO group. Pegasus Spyware India lo ne kadhu all over the world lo chala countries lo use chesaru. Governments kuda political dissidents (ante government ki against ga fight chesthunna vallu) meedha use chesthuntaru. NSO group kuda cheppindi enti ante ee spyware ni only verify chesina governments ki matrame sell chestham annaru. Vere private individuals ki sell cheyaru. Only Israel government dwara verify chesi and approve chesina governments ki matrame sell chesthundi.

Ee pegasus ni ippude kadhu 2018 nundi use cheyadam start chesaru. 2019 lo kuda ee pegasus malware ni misuse chesi privacy ni violate chesaru ani news vacchindhi. Malli ee news ippudu hot topic indhi. World lo chala mandi popular persons ni target chesarani, Governments ee spyware ni use chesi fundamental rights ni privacy ni violate chesthundhani present chala controversies create chesindi. 

How does it work?

Idhi both iOS and android devices ni target chesthundhi. Basically ee Pegasus any kind of smartphone ni infect cheyagaladhu. Ee malware initial version lo ante 2018, 2019 lo use chesina technique enti ante ‘spear phishing’. Ee spear phishing lo emavuthundhi ante oka fraudulent mail kani message kani send chesi target device ki send chestharu. So that ah message meedha click chesela trick chestharu. Eppudu ithe manam ah malicious links kani emaina click chesthamo automatic ga manaki teliyakundane malware anedhi download ayyi install ipothundhi. Ippudu latest version lo kottha technique use chesthunaru. Adhey ‘zero click installation’. Ante mana involvement lekundane malware anedhi mana device lo install ayyipotundhi. Eppudu ithe ila install ipothundho attacker ki complete remote access anedhi vasthundhi. Attacker ki device meedha complete control vacchesthundhi. Ee malware back end lo run avvadam valla manaki em telidhu and emanna track records unna kuda kanipettadam chala kastam. 

What kind of data Pegasus can collect?

Pegasus valla attacker ki device antha total control lo ki vasthundhi kabatti, almost antha sensitive data ni collect chesukogaladu. Attacker instructions ni send cheyadam valla private data antha kuda collect cheskogaladu. Smart phone ki vacche messages, emails, chats, contacts, location, media, camera, call recording antha kuda extract chesukune capacity untundi attacker ki. Alage keystrokes ni track chesi passwords ni kuda capture cheyagaladu. Whatsapp lo unde end to end encrypted messages ni kuda extract cheskogaladu. 

False evidence and documents ni kuda device lo store cheyagaladu attacker. Smartphone user ke teliyakunda mottham smartphone ni control cheyagaladu. 

Pegasus valla data ni eppudu ithe steal chestunnaro obvious ga data anedhi ekkuva use chesthundhi. Attacker ki eppudu ithe data ni send chesthunnaro appudu data ekkuva consume avthadi. So user ki doubt ravacchu thana smartphone lo edho theda jaruguthundi ani. So ilanti doubt rakudadhu ani mobile data on lo unnappudu data ni send cheyadhu. Only device wifi ki connect chesinappudu matrame data transfer anedhi jaruguthundhi. Alage data antha kuda at a time transfer avvadhu only konni konni intervals lo velthundhi. 

Anti virus, forensic analysis lo kuda dorakakunda undela ee malware ni design chesaru. Also eppudu kavalante appudu ee malware ni delete cheselaga kuda design chesaru.

How did investigators come to know about malware being used on them?

Intha highly sophisticated malware kadha idhi. Asalu deenini upayogisthunnaru ani vallaki ela telisindhi?

Asalu initial ga emaindhi ante not for profit organisation ina Forbidden stories first ga oka leaked document ni access chesindhi. Ah document lo 50,000 contacts varaku unnayi almost all countries nundi. Forbidden stories ki NSO dwara leak ina information valla telisina vishyam enti ante ee pegasus anedhi government surveillance ki use chesthunnaru ani.

Appudu ee Forbidden stories Amnesty International and inka chala reputed media outlets tho tie up ayyindhi. Amnesty International valla cyber wing ni use cheskuni digital forensic investigation start chesindhi. Target ina device owners ni request chesi investigation start chesaru. Kontha mandi oppukuni valla mobile phones ni iccharu. Investigation start chesaru, ee process lo konni evidences dorikayi malware ee device lo undhi ani. Dhaniki karanam initial ga ee malware antha wipe out avvalenanduvallana. So konni digital footprints dorikayi. Eppudu ithe ee malware anedhi mobile lo undhi ani telisindho, ah target list lo unna 50,000 contacts lo kaneesam kontha mandi devices ina target chesi untaru ani artham ayindi. 

Should we be concerned about Pegasus Spyware?

E malware entha sophisticated aina kuda mass surveillance kosam design cheyaledhu. Elanti device ni ina affect chese capacity unnappatiki ee pegasus mass surveillance kosam design cheyaledhu. Only target surveillance kosame design chesaru. Pegasus Spyware India Leak ina list lo chusthe only famous personalities eh unnaru ah list lo. So, common people ki bayam ledhu. Either politicians, diplomats, social activists, journalists, businessmen, human right activists ilanti valley unnaru tappa normal people evaru leru. Kavali ante ee pegasus ni use chesi evari device ni ina affect cheyacchu kani, ippatiki ithe only target people ke use chesthunaru. 

How can we protect our device from this malware?

Initial stage lo use chesina click bait attack lo ithe, manaki mails, messages lo suspicious links vasthe vatini ignore chesi vadileyacchu. Because spear phishing lo ah suspicious links click cheyadam vallane ee pegasus spyware anedhi device lo install avvedhi. Alage extra ga firewalls, anti virus lu install cheskodam valla kuda safe ga undey chance undhi. 

But recent ga develop chesina zero click attack lo ithey manam em click cheyakundane install ipothundi ee pegasus. So, pegasus ni prevent cheyadam impossible. Ee pegasus ni push notifications tho kuda install chesey antha capacity undhi. Software lo operating system lo etu vanti vulnerabilities unna kuda dhanini use cheskuni install cheskuntundhi. Popular applications ni kuda use chesthundhi. Even whatsapp ni use chesi kuda install ipothundhi ee pegasus. Infact whatsapp NSO group meedha case file chesindhi. Whatsapp lo unna vulnerability ni use chesukuni Pegasus ni install chestunaru ani. So, oka chinna ring or call dwara ee pegasus ni install chesesthundi. User privacy ni compromise chesaru ani whatsapp present NSO tho fight chesthundhi. 

Who is using this Pegasus spyware?

Intha sophisticated ina pegasus ni evaru use chesthunnaru? Inthalaga user privacy ni compromise chesi spy chese software ni asalu enduku use chesthunaru? 

Indhaka cheppinattu NSO group ee software ni only Isreali government verify and approve chesina foreign governments ki matrame sell chestundi. Ee malware ni upayoginchi national security threats ni identify cheyadaniki use chesthunnaru. Terrorism and crime ni detect chesi fight cheyadaniki ee pegasus ni use chesthunaru. Anduke idhi oka legitimate tool.

Problem enti ante intha peddha sophisticated tool ni misuse chesthunnaru. Political dissidents and critics ni target cheyadam anedhi fundamental rights and constitutional liberties ni violate cheyadame avthundhi. 

Project pegasus ni use chesi target chesina list ni chusthunte clear ga telusthundi chala governments ee spyware ni ila famous personalities ni target cheyadaniki use chesthunnaru ani. 

State surveillance

Ee state surveillance anedhi chala common thing. Ancient time nundi ippudu modern time varaku surveillance anedhi use chesaru. Governments country ni security threats nundi protect cheyadam kosam surveillance use chesaru. Eppudu ithe e surveillance ni terrorism, criminals and national security threats kosam kakunda vere target people ki use chestaro adhi mass surveillance kindha vasthundi. Governments and ruling parties ee surveillance powers ni misuse chesthunatte.

State surveillance in India

India lo lawful surveillance anedhi allowed. Telephone and mobile networks ni intercept cheyadaniki 2 important laws unnayi. Okati Indian Telegraph act, 1885 and inkoti Information Technology act, 2000. 

Indian Telegraph Act

Section 5 under lo central and state government only konni situations lo matrame calls ni intercept chese avakasam undhi. Public safety kosam or public emergency kosam matrame calls ni intercept cheyocchu. Okavela common people communication lo evaraina terrorists, criminals, Foreign spies undi vallandari valla national security ki threat unte kanuka central and state governments communication ni intercept chese right undhi under this act. Alage oka group of people government ki against ga emaina violent protests emanna conduct chesthey vallani kuda surveillance lo unchey right undhi government ki. 

Safeguards under the Telegraph Act

The Telegraph Act kinda konni safeguards anevi unnayi.  

• Right to free speech kosam konni safeguards ni include chesaru and Journalists ki protection ivvadam kosam. But ee safeguards anevi saripovu. Enduku ante ee interception powers ni government eppatiki appudu misuse chesthu untundhi kabatti. 
• People’s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) oka not for profit organisation. Idhi 1996 lo supreme court ni reach aindhi. Right to individual privacy importance ni recognise chesela chesindi. Ee case valla supreme court government surveillance dwara individual privacy ki unna threat ni gurthinchi inka additional safeguards ni add chesindhi.
• Veeti guidelines base chesukuni Rule 419A anedhi 2007 lo telegraph rules lo add chesaru. Ee rules prakaram edhaina phone ni intercept cheyali ante orders Home secretary nundi ravali. Union government ki Union home secretary and state level ki home department ki unna secretary orders isthene intercept cheyadaniki right untundhi. 
• Home secretary icchina orders ni malli review cheyadaniki oka review committee anedhi untundhi. Only review chesina tarvuta matrame intercept cheyadaniki right untundhi.

But legal experts ee certain safeguards ni chusi ivi saripovu annaru. Dhaniki karanam idhi antha internal lo jarigey process. Also idhi oka opaque process. So, details evi public ki reveal cheyaru. Orders ivvadam and avey orders ni review cheyadam kuda total government eh chesthundi. So, government veetini misuse cheyadhu ani guarantee ledhu antunnaru.

Information Technology Act, 2000

Country lo unna electronic surveillance kosam ee IT Act, 2000 under lo vacchina section e section 69. Telegraph act lo la kakunda etuvanti offence commit chesina kuda investigate cheyacchu. Only public safety and emergency kosame kakunda etuvanti criminal offence kosam ina digital investigation carry cheyacchu. 

Violation of rights and liberties

Ee acts valla fundamental rights and liberties violate avthunay. Adhey right to free speech and the right to free press, and the right to privacy. Ee rights anevi constitutional democracy ki foundation. Adhey state surveillance valla ee rights violate ithey constitutional democracy foundation ke threat unnattey. So government ee capabilities ni use chesukuni Journalists, activists and opposition parties ni target cheyacchu. Basically government ki evaru against ga unte valley target avvacchu. Recent ga release ina list lo pegasus malware targets kuda government ki against ga unna valley. 

K S Puttaswamy case, 2017

Right to privacy ki addu rakunda undatam kosam supreme court oka 4 fold test anedhi start chesindhi 2017 lo. K.S.Puttaswamy case under lo unna ee 4 tests- 

1. Surveillance anedhi only law dwara sanction ithey ne carry cheyali. Legal ga approve chesina tarvatha matrame aah surveillance start cheyali.
2. Surveillance ki necessity and proportional ayyi undali. Surveillance tappa vere other route em ledhu inka ani prove cheskogalali.
3. Public emergency or national security ki threat undhi ani telisthe tappa surveillance ki allow ledhu. 
4. Transparent legal safeguards anevi undali.

Only ee 4 tests pass ithene tappa individual privacy ni break chesey right state ki untundhi ani supreme court K.S.Puttaswamy case lo cheppindhi.

Accountability of Intel and Security Agencies

India lo intelligence agencies like IB, RAW, National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO), Defence intelligence Agency(DIA) ivi anni kuda legal basis dwara setup inavi kadhu. Government orders dwara setup inavi. Avey kakunda konni law ki abide ina unna agencies kuda unnay like National Investigation Agency (NIA), Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB). 

Inka vere central agencies kuda unnayi surveillance ki conduct cheyadaniki like CBI, Central Board of Direct Taxes(CBDT), Directorate of Revenue Intelligence(DRI) unnay kani independent accountability anedhi ledhu. Ivi kuda complete government orders battey function chesthayi. 

State police kuda transparent ga pani cheyadhu, independent accountability anedhi ledhu. 

Current government aney kadhu chala governments nundi kuda opposition parties ni target chesi surveillance lo unchadaniki use chesaru. 

Politicisation of Intel and Security Agencies

Ila central and state level lo issues raise avvadaniki main reason Intel and security agencies anni politicise avvadame. Chala agencies only government ki matrame report cheyadam valla. Anduke ruling lo unna party surveillance powers opposition parties ni target cheyadam tho powers misuse avthunayi. Indhaka chusinattu Pegasus malware ni use chesi false evidences kuda target device lo store chesi vallani legal ga book cheyinchocchu. Andukani state surveillance eppudu accountable ga undali. 

Indian government response on Pegasus spyware

Opposition party pegasus spyware meedha debate pettali ani demand chesindi. Also, supreme court monitor chesthundaga jaragali ani demand chesindi. Deeni meeda parliament lo pedda racche jarigindi. so, Pegasus Spyware meeda debate pettalsinde ani oppositions demand chesay.

Pegasus Spyware India lo teesukocchina political controversies ki government cheppina samadhanam unlawful surveillances evi kuda jaragaledhu ani. Elanti surveillance jarigina kuda adhi authorised and lawful ani antundhi. Anthey kani pegasus ni use chesi surveillance ni carryout cheyatledhu ani matram analedhu. 2019, 2021 lo vacchina controversies lo kuda government pegasus ni vadatledhu ani eppudu analedhu. 

So, ippudu present jaruguthundhi enti ante Supreme court ee Pegasus ni use chesthunnara ledha ani aduguthundi. Supreme court judgement ni kuda hold chesindi. Dhaniki karanam Centre detailed affidavit (ante oka written statement evidence la use avvadaniki) ivvanu annadhi. Pegasus ni use chesama ledha annadhani paina affidavit anedhi ivvadam kastam. Okavela terror groups or target groups ki ee software use chesthunnam ani telisthey risk ani antundi. 

Ee software ni use chesthunnara ledha ani matrame cheppandi ani specific ga supreme court aduguthunte dhaniki answer ga details reveal chesthey national security ke risk ani antundhi Centre. 

Idhi national security issue kadhu. Ma privacy ni violate chesthunnaru ani petition file chesaru. Only individual targets ki ee Pegasus ni legal ga use chesthunara ledha ani matrame aduguthundi ani supreme court. Ina kuda centre use chesthundho ledho anna details ivvadaniki refuse chesthundi. 

Also read Why did Ford exit from India?

Visit Are UPA Oil Bonds responsible for high fuel prices?

The post Is central govt lying about Pegasus Spyware? appeared first on So Called Happenings.

What did Ford announce?

India lo unna 2 Ford plants Sanand and Maraimalai lo inka ee cars production anedhi apesthunnam ani. Sanand lo plant ni 2021 ending lo and Maraimalai lo plant ni 2022 second quarter lo apesthunam ani and migatha engines manufacturing export dwara supply chestham ani and already sold aina cars ki services anevi continue chestham ani official ga twitter lo tweet chesi announce chesaru.

India lo Sanand and Maraimalai lo rendu plants unnay Ford ki. Maraimalai ante Chennai lo, engine and vehicle manufacturing plant undhi. Alage Gujarat, Sanand lo vehicle assembly plant undhi. Totally renditini moosi vestham ani annaru. 

When did Ford come to India?

Ford oka US car company. Idhi 1995 lo India lo business anedhi start chesindhi Mahindra & Mahindra group tho joint ga. Chennai lo oka greenfield plant construct chesindhi. Oka entry level sedan tho business start chesindhi. Ford product IKON ah time lo best seller. Ee IKON vallane Ford oka brand ga establish indhi India lo. Kani again 1998 lo Mahindra & Mahindra tho partnership end chesukuni solo operator ga continue chesindhi. Malli 2017 lo partnership chesindhi Mahindra & Mahindra tho kani 2020 lo malli ah partnership ki end pettesindi. Rough ga chusthe India lo Ford ki 10 lakh existing customers eh unnaru.

Ford and it’s sales in India

Ee year June lo only 2,790 units ni matrame sell cheyagaligindi. 2019 financial year end time Ford only 93,000 units ni matrame ammagaligindhi. And Total ga last one year nundi chusthe only 51,862 units ni matrame ammagaligindhi Ford. Average ga chusthe maximum 4-5k units oka month ki. 

And India lo unna 2 plants lo almost all one year lo 5 Lakh cars varaku manufacture chese capacity undhi Ford ki. Almost ippudu India lo manufacturing units apeyadam valla 4,000 employees kuda job loss ipotharu. 

Ford India President and MD ina Anurag Mehrotra cheppindhi enti ante chala years ga unna loss ni consider chesi ee decision anedhi teesukovadam jarigindhi annaru. Past 10 years ga chusthe more than 2 billion dollars loss lo undhi Ford. Indian market lo kuda ee cars ki demand kuda weak ga ne undhi. So sales ni increase cheyadam lo chala ibbanduley paduthunnam annaru. Existing customers ki warranty period varaku services ni ithe provide chesthunnam annaru. 

Problems faced by Ford

25 years nundi India lo unna e Ford car company ki pandemic valla semi-conductors and vere components ki supply lo chala problems vacchayi. And long term lo chuskunte Ford ki oka profitable or sustainable path anedhi dorakadam kastam indhi. Also, new vehicles ki demand kuda chala weak undhi ani annaru. Andukosame inka in-country manufacturing ki full stop pettesindhi.

Future sales and increase in prices

India lo manufacturing ithe apesthunam kani India lo sales ithe continue chestham foreign nundi import chesi ani announce chesindhi Ford. So, deeni batti chusukunte future lo Ford cars prices automatic ga perigipovacchu. Present unna prices kanna ekkuva prices anevi untay. Dhaniki karanam, foreign nundi import cheskodam valla. So, eppudu ithe foreign countries nundi import chesthunamo automatic ga government vatiki taxes vesthundi. 

Alage future lo vehicle ki kavalsina spare parts kuda present unna price kante double avvacchu. And second hand market lo kuda present resale value kuda taggipothundhi. Because future lo veeti services and spare parts pricing perigipothundi kabatti evaru interest chupincharu konadaniki. 

Okavela future lo import chesina car sales and demand kuda taggipothey aah import cheyadam kuda agipovacchu. 

Further services to current Ford customers

Ippudu already unna Ford company car customers ki further ga chala problems ravacchu. Resale kastam avvachu, spare parts and servicing ki kuda ibbandhi kalagacchu. So, already unna Ford customers ki further services provide chestham ani announce chesaru. Further services and spare parts availability untundhi ani. And warranty kuda claim chesukovacchu ani current Ford owners ki assurance ithe icchindhi. 

Alage further ga India ki kottha Mustang coupe and electic vehicle Mustang Mach-e ni kuda India ki import chestham annaru.  

Loss for Indian dealers

Ford exit from India valla chalane loss undhi. Indhaka chusinattu cars prices perigipothay and spare parts prices perigipothay. Alage dealers kuda chala loss avtharu. Ford ki almost 170 dealers and 390 outlets unnayi. Almost 2000 crores spend chesaru dealerships set cheskodaniki. Ee dealers daggarey almost 40,000 employees unnaru. Ippudu veellu andaru jobs kuda risk lo padinattey. 

Why did Ford failed in the Indian market?

Ford cars lo top notch facilities unna kuda car designs time to time update cheyakapovadam first reason anavacchu. Because vere company cars chusukunte time to time update chesthunaru and more features ni add chesthu competition ki vaccharu. Also, kottha kottha models and cars ni eppuduki appudu launch cheyakapovadam valla kuda Indian market lo fail ayyi undavacchu. 

Ye car company ki ina mana India lo success ravali ante main ga price anedhi takkuva undali, maintenance takkuva undali and services kuda ekkuva undali. Maruti offer chese cheapest passenger car 3.5 lakhs unte, Ford di matram cheapest car 5 lakhs above e undhi. Idhi kuda oka main reason ayyi undavacchu. 

Service stations wise chusukunte Maruti ki all over India lo 3,500 service stations unnayi. Alage Hyundai ki 1,300 service stations kani Ford ki matram ony 308 service stations matrame unnayi all over India lo. 

Ford ki hit products unna kani Ford line up lo eppudu multiple hits levu Hyundai laga. Maraimalai lo plant under utilized lo unna kuda expand cheyadam kosam 2011 lo Gujarat lo plant start chesi billion dollars invest chesaru. Idhi kuda oka rakanga Ford ki loss eh.

India lo unna automobile market Suzuki eh dominate chesthundi anavacchu. Dhaniki karanam more than 48% share undhi market lo Maruti Suzuki ki. Alage Hyundai ki kuda almost 18% market share anedhi undhi. 2015 lo Ford market share 9.5% ki perigindhi kani next years lo chala taggipoindhi. And current ga 2021 lo only 3.3% market share matrame undhi. 

MG motors and its talks with Ford

2019 lo India lo ki enter ina MG motors Ford tho contract manufacturing ki deal set cheskundhi. Kani pandemic valla adhi kastha agipoindhi. Ippudu India lo unna Ford plants rendu elago close chesthunaru kabatti MG motors ki factories kuda eduruga unnayi. MG motors ippudu ee rendu plants ni konukkovadaniki interest chupistundhi. And Tamilnadu government kuda approvals ki full support istham ani announce chesindhi. Inka ee talks initial stage lo ne unnayi antunnaru. So, okavela MG motors e kanuka ee factory ni konte almost oka kottha factory ni konnattu and government nundi approvals kuda easy ga vasthay.

Hyundai and its success

Ford start ina one year ki Hyundai India ki vacchindhi 1996 lo. Chennai lo own manufacturing plants ni start chesindhi. Appudike Indians ki Ford baga telsu. Ah time lo Hyundai ni promote cheyandaniki Sharukh Khan ni brand ambassador ga chesi, chala ne advertisements run chesindhi. Kani 25 years taruvatha tirigi chusthe ippudu current Hyundai India lo second largest player. Almost 18.12 percent market share undhi India lo. Ford tho polisthe chala ekkuva. 

Ford first product ina Escort India lo release ayyaka flop indhi and first impression e bad impression tecchukundhi India lo. where as Hyundai Indians ki taggattu ga oka perfect car Santro ni teeskocchi launch chesindhi. Starting lo ne hit product tho success kottindhi. Adhey chance ga teesukuni kottha models tho technologies ni base chesukuni cars ni launch chesthu vacchindhi. Deeni vallane athi takkuva samayam lo Hyundai ki market lo antha craze vacchindi. 

General motors and its exit

Past few years ga chusukunte chala ne international car companies India nundi exit ipoyay. 2017 lo General Motors kuda India nundi exit ipoindhi. Dhaniki chala ne karanalu unna kani corporate structure lo frequent changes valla long term strategies debba tinadam, financial crisis, brand and product strategies lo consistency lekapovadam valla and mainly frequent launches and withdrawals valla GM car owners disappoint ayyi confuse avvadam valla sales kuda taggipoyay. Anduke 20 years tarvuta India nundi exit ipoindhi. 

Harley Davidson’s exit from India

Alage inkoka pedda company ina Harley Davidson kuda Indian market ni vidichi vellindhi. Dhaniki karanam 96 Million dollars loss lo undhi ani and only 103 units matrame sale ayyay July 2020 lo ani announce chsaru. Totally Harley Davidson India lo unna 10 years lo only 27,000 units ni matrame sell cheyagaligindhi where as Royal Enfield okate deeniki double units ni only one month lo sell cheyagaligindhi.  

Tesla might not come to India

Recent ga Tesla cars ni India lo Launch cheyamani twitter lo adigithe dhaniki Elon Musk reply chesaru. Maku kuda India lo Tesla ni launch cheyali ani undhi kani, import cheyadaniki ayye taxes chala ekkuva ani and India lo energy cars ni kuda diesel and petrol cars laga treat chestham ani annaru. 

Conclusion

Ford India nunchi complete ga exit avvadam ledu, services ilage offer chesthamu ani chepputundi. Meeku deeni paina nammakam kanuka unte Ford vehicle konocchu, avi kuda dealers daggara unna stock varake sales untayi. Ledu anukunte avoid cheyandi. Long term lo chala problems vasthayi and resale kuda undadu.

Also read Are UPA Oil Bonds responsible for high fuel prices?

Visit National Monetisation Pipeline – Explained

The post Why did Ford exit from India? appeared first on So Called Happenings.

Kani idhi entha varaku nijam? Asalu ee oil bonds ante enti? UPA government ee oil bonds ni issue cheyadam vallana asalu ippudu enduku prices increase chesaru?

Veeti annitiki samadhanam ento artham kavali ante modhati nundi antha telsukundham.

What are Oil bonds?

Basically 2005 lo UPA government oil marketing companies (OMCs) ki subsidiaries anedhi provide chesedhi. Ante for example appudu petrol price 60 rupees ithey 55 rupees ki prajalaki ivvandi, ah migilina 5 rupees government cover chesthundi ani annadhi. Ee government subsidies dwara prajalaki fuel prices anevi fair ga vundela chesindhi. Kabatti OMCs ah 5 rupees ni sales nundi recover cheyalevu. So OMCs under recovery (loss ki technical term, Purchase and selling price ki difference ani kuda cheppochu) lo undevi. Ante nothing but ah 5 rs ni recover cheyaleka povadam.

So, government cash lo kakunda ah 5 rupees ki worth ina oil bonds ni ichedi. Dhaniki karanam cash lo isthey government ki aa year lo expenditure anedhi inka perigipothundi. Automatic ga revenue deficit vacchesthadi and government ki financial pressure anedhi untundi ani. Andukani ee oil bonds aney concept ni teesukocchindhi. Oil bonds are nothing but special type of government bonds. 

So, direct at a time money ivvadam kakunda oil bonds ni introduce cheyadam valla pressure anedhi kontha varaku taggindhi. Idi oka accounting principle. Ee oil bonds lo every year interest anedhi kaduthu vacchindhi. Eppudu ithe ee oil bonds mature avthayo appudu ee oil bonds ki principal money pay cheyali. So, aah bonds ippudu konni mature avvadam jarigindi. 

Basically ikkada jarigedhi enti ante for example manam loan teeskuni oke sari money anedi pay cheyamu kadha plus surety kosam edhoka property ni ela ithey peduthamo same oil bonds kuda ala act chesthay. 

Deregulation of fuel prices

Initial ga 2005-2010 varaku oil bonds issue chesina kuda 2010 taruvatha ee oil bonds ni issue cheyadam discontinue chesindhi. Dhaniki karanam 2010 taruvata petrol prices ni deregulate chesaru. Deregulation ante enti ante inka government fuel prices ni determine chesi set cheyadhu. Only market value batti matrame prices ni determine chesi prajala mundhu ki teeskostharu.

So, ala 2010 lo petrol price anedhi deregulate indhi. And 2014 lo diesel price anedi deregulate indhi. Anduku government subsidiary provide cheyadam apesindhi. Government price ni decide cheyalenappudu enduku inka subsidiaries provide chesi ane question raise ayyi inka ee oil bonds ni issue cheyadam apesindhi . 

Coupon rate

eppudu ithe ee oil bonds ni batches ga issue chestharo vatiki same coupon rate anedhi untundhi. Ante bond issue chesina vallu pay cheyalsina interest rate annamata.

So, for example 2006 lo issue chesina oil bonds ki ah year antha same coupon rate untundhi. Alage 2007 lo same coupon rate. So, ikkada ye year lo issue chesina oil bonds ki ah year antha same coupon rate untundhi. Aah particular year lo enni oil bonds issue chesina kuda coupon rate anedhi same untundhi. 

OMCs holding the oil bonds

Ee oil bonds once issue chesaka OMCs veetini hold cheskuntayi until ah oil bonds anevi mature ayyevaruku. Once mature ayyaka vatiki return valla principal amount anedhi tirigi government nundi collect chesukuntayi OMCs. Ee oil bonds ni hold chesukodame kaka veetini market lo trade cheyadaniiki kuda permission undhi OMCs ki. Vere purchasers ki kuda ee particular bonds ni sell chesukovacchu.

For example banks. Banks anevi ee oil bonds ni konadaniki ready ga unte konukkuni ee bonds ni banks hold chesukuni ee bonds mature ayyaka money anedhi ah time lo ruling lo unde Indian government nundi collect cheskovacchu. 

Current issue

So, ippudu present jaruguthunnadi enti ante 2005-2009 period lo 1.4 lakh crore worth oil bonds ni UPA government issue chesindhi. Takkuva price ki prajala mundu ki fuel supply cheyadam kosam. 

Ah time lo issue ina bonds ippudu mature ayyayi. So, NDA government adhi repay cheyalisi undhi. So far interest ga 70,195.72 crores repay chesindhi. Inka around 37,000 crores interest pay cheyalisi undhi 2025-2026 lopu. So ikkada chuskunte interest okate 1 lakh crore rupees annamata.

NDA government already mature ina 2 oil bonds ni repay chesindhi. Okko oil bond worth 1,750 crores. So total 3,500 crores pay chesindi. And remaining Principal amount 1.3 lakh crore rupees worth oil bonds inka pay cheyalsi undhi NDA government. So, ippudu NDA government inka memu aah interest and principal amount pay chesthunnam andhuke petrol prices tagginchadam kudaratledu ani NDA government antundhi. 

Ilanti bonds ni introduce cheyadam mana Indian governments ki emaina kottha?

Assalu kadhu. Mana India lo ee oil bonds okate kadhu, chala rakala bonds ni issue chesindhi government. UPA government e kadhu anthaku mundu tarvta kuda chala governments chala rakala bonds ni propose chesindhi. Inthaku mundu fertilizer bonds aney bonds undevi. Recent ga kuda 2017 and 2018 time lo recapitalisation bonds anevi kuda introduce chesaru. Recapitalisation bonds ante banking sector ki associate ayyi una bonds.

Present chuskunte NDA government 3.1 lakh crores worth recapitalisation bonds ni issue chesindhi. Ee recapitalisation bonds introduce chesinappudu appati minister Arun Jaitley kevalam 1.35 lakh crores worth bonds ne issue chestham ani annaru. Kani ippati varaku 3.1 lakh crores worth recapitalisation bonds ni issue chesindhi.

Ee bonds malli 2028-2035 time lo mature avthayi. So, 2028 tarvtha ey goverment ithe ruling lo untadho aah government eh ee bonds ni repay cheyalsi untundhi.

Petrol rates peragataniki ee oil bonds ey karanama?

Absolutely No!

Indulo asalu entha varaku nijam undho chuddham. 2021-2022 union budget prakaram chusthey government mottham 1.68 lakh crores (interest+principal) mottham antha ee year repay cheyatledhu. Ee year oil bonds kosam allocate chesina budget kevalam 9,989.96 crores matrame. Adhi kuda only interest matrame.

So, government kavali ante last year taxes dwara vacchina amount tho almost oil bonds payment antha tirigi return cheseyavacchu.

Taxes

2019-20 lo petrol taxes 2,39,452 crores nundi 3,89,677 crores varaku increase indhi 2020-21 ki. And idhey 2021-22 ki 3,35,000 crores avvacchu ani expect chestunnaru.

2014 and 2021 ki taxes prasthutham ela unnayo chuddham

Base price 2014 lo ₹47.1 unte ippudu ₹41.2% undhi. Alage centre’s tax ₹10.4 nundi 2021 ki ₹32.9 ki perigindhi. Dealer’s cut 2014 lo ₹2 nundi ₹3.8 ki vacchindhi. State’s tax vacchesi ₹11.9 undedhi 2021 ki ₹23.5 ki perigindhi and Retail price ₹71.4 nundi ₹101.8 ki perigindhi.

Conclusion

Simple ga cheppali ante, Oil bonds ki and ipudu price hike ki direct relation ledu. Government increase chesina taxes tho 1 year ki vache revenue lo ni less than half amount tho Oil Bonds ni clear cheseyochu. But again same tactics, okesari burden avvakunda undadam kosam cheyaru.

Whatever may be the case, ilanti bonds kottha kaadu. Present NDA government kuda ilage future lo mature ayye bonds ni issue chesindi. Ipudu ila Oil bonds ni chupinchi prices tagginchalem anadam anedi hypocrisy avtundi. 

So, this is all about UPA Oil bonds and the surrounding issue. 

Also read Afghanistan & Taliban – History to Present

Check out National Monetisation Pipeline – Explained

The post Are UPA Oil Bonds responsible for high fuel prices? appeared first on So Called Happenings.

Asalu ee disinvestment ante enti? Mana Indian government ee sari revenue ni ela generate cheddham ani decide ayyindhi? Elanti strategies ni propose chesindi? Veeti valla vacche advantages enti? Alage veeti valla etuvanti problems ravocchu anedhi detailed ga chuddham.

Disinvestment

Government disinvestment use chesi revenue generate chestundhi ani annam kadha. Asalu ee disinvestment ante enti ante mana government edhanna assets ni use chesi vatini ammesi vatini cash form lo ki marchadam. Public sector enterprises ownership ni ammi vati dwara revenue ni generate cheyadam. So, Deeni valla financial burden anedhi tagguthundi government ki. Disinvestment dwara vacchey revenue ni government vere projects ki or else development ki use chesi public avarasalu ki use chesthundhi. 

Last 5 years lo government oka target pettukundhi intha revenue anedhi create cheyagalagali manam ani. Kani aah target ni reach avvalekapoindhi. Andhuvallana ee sari mana Indian government ki limited budget anedhi matrame undhi governement expenditure ki.

Ee problem ni solve cheyadaniki National Monetisation Pipleline(NMP) aney concept ni introduce chesindhi. Asalu ee NMP ante enti?

What is National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP)

Ee NMP lo asalu government emani propose chesindhi ante…

Government India lo unde assets ni direct ga sell cheyadu. Only certain time period ki matrame lease ki isthundi. Central government emaithe assets ni sarigga use cheyatledhu ledha assalu use cheyani assets ni annitini teesukuni vatini private sector ki lease ki isthundi. So, ee time lo ah particular private sector ki aah asset meeda ownership anedhi untundhi.

Ee ownership ni use cheskuni aah asset dwara revenue ni generate chesthundi private sector. 

So basically, oka public asset ni oka private sector ki lease ki isthundi. 

How does it work?

Lease ki icchetappudu certain time period varaku entha revenue generate cheyagaladhu ani estimate chesi dhanini antha oka agreement form lo petti sign chesthundi. Ah agreement lo unna time period ayyipoyaka malli private sector ee asset ni tirigi government ki iccheyali. Alage vacchina revenue lo kontha share government ki ivvali. Ala vacchina revenue ni tirigi government vere infrastructures ni develop cheyadaniki use chesthudhi. 

Connection with NIP

Indian government propose chesina one of the concept National Infrastructure Pipeline(NIP). Ee NIP lo 7,400 projects anevi cover chesthundi with more than 1 lakh crores. Ee NIP dwara 113 Lakh crore rupees investment ni expect chesthundhi government. So, ala financial year 2025 lopu ee sari NMP dwara 6 lakh crore rupees revenue ni generate cheyavacchu ani declare chesindhi government.

Deenilo 14% matram NIP commitment lo undhi. Ee NMP ki entha time period ithe undho almost adhe time period NIP ki kuda undhi. Ee NMP dwara central government evaithe assets ni asala use cheyatledu or else sariga use cheyatledho kanukkuni vaatini private sectors ki lease ki icchi revenue generate cheyisthundhi. 

Example ki oka use cheyani land unte, dhanini edhaina private sector ki icchi dhanini utilise chesi revenue generate cheyandhi antundhi government. 

Brownfield Projects

Ikkada manam gurthinchalsindi enti ante, ee NMP concept ni only brownfield infrastructures meedha ne propose chesindhi. 

Infrastructures lo two types of projects untay. Okati brown field inkoti green field. Brown field ante already existing lo unna or construction akkarleni projects. Adhey green field aithe first nundi construct cheyalsina projects. NMP only brown field projects meedhane concentrate chesthundhi.

List of assets included in NMP

Roads- 26,700 km.

7,700 crore value unna PowerGrid InvIT.

2,8608 Ckt km power transmission lines, 6 GW hydroelectric and solar power assets.

2.86 lakh km fiber assets .

Telecom sector lo 14,917 towers.

Natural gas pipelines- 8,154 km. 

Petroleum product pipelines- 3,930 km.

Roads sector lo the government already 1,400 km of national highways worth Rs 17,000 crore ni monetise chesindhi. 

15 railway stations, 25 airports, 160 coal mining projects, 9 major ports lo 31 major projects, 210 lakh MT warehousing assets, 2 national stadia and 2 regional centres.

Government colonies and hospitality assets Redevelopment lo 15,000 crores generate cheyacchu ani expect chesthundi government. 

Advantages of NMP

 Ee National Monetisation Pipeline(NMP) dwara vacchey advantages enti ante-

• Mana government under lo unde use cheyani or sarigga use cheyani assets and vati value anedhi telusthundi. Assets ki unde value entha and dhani meedha entha revenue anedhi generate cheyaccho telusthundhi.
• Ila ee utilise cheyani or underutilise lo unna assets ni lease ki icchi mana government revenue generate cheskovacchu. 
• Alage private sectors kuda ee assets ni use chesukuni revenue ni generate cheskogaladhu. Alage okavela services provide chese projects ithey people ki kavalasina services ni kuda provide cheyagaladhu. For example- National Highway and Power plant projects.
• Also ee NMP dwara utilise cheyani assets ni vethiki bayataki teesi, vaati dwara money generate cheskovacchu government. 

Issues of NMP 

NMP dwara enni advantages unnayo, of course konni problems kuda unnayi. 

• Oka asset anedhi unte, dhani asset ni ela evaluate cheyali anedhi oka problem. Oka underutilised asset ni teeskuni dhanini long term lo lease ki icchetappudu ah asset value ni ela evaluate cheyagalaru and entha revenue generate cheyagaladhu anedhi correct ga evaluate cheyadam anedhi kastam.

Last 5 years lo Indian government 5 lakh crore rupees disinvestment target set chesindhi. Kani only 60% target ni matrame reach avvagaligindhi. Alage recent ga railway infrastructure lo launch chesina Public-Private Partnership ni private sectors sarigga receive cheskolekapoindhi. Ikkada main issue ela asset value ni evaluate chestharu anedhi question. 

Okavela bidding time lo private sector ah asset meedha high revenue ravacchu ani evaluate chesi government ki high revenue icchindhi anukondi, but icchina certain time period lo target revenue reach avvalekpothey reverse lo revenue reach avvadaniki infrastructure pricing increase cheyalsi vasthundi. Example ki National Highways chusthe, okavela anukunna revenue generate cheyalekapothey, adhi reach avvdaniki tolls anevi increase chestharu. Alage ariports lo user charges penchutharu. Idhi definite ga janam meeda burden avthundhi. 

Other Major issues

• Inkoka problem enti ante ikkada assets ni lease ki isthunnam. Obvious ga oka long term varku agreement anedhi sign chestharu. Aah time period lo asset ownership antha private sector meedhey untundhi. Ante mana own house ni rent ki icchinattu ga. So basically house owner chuskunnantha jagratthaga tenant chuskokapovacchu. Asset ni care cheyakapovacchu. Ee gap lo maintenance sarigga chudakapovacchu and repairs emanna ina owner chesinantha baga tenant cheyaru. And lease time ipoyaka asset ni return icchestharu. So ee particular time period lo maintenance sariga leka asset quality anedhi taggipovacchu.
• NMP lo 60% of the projects railways, roads, power based infrastructures e undavacchu. Kani recent ga Public-Private Partnership lo railway infrastructure ki jariginadhi chuskunte private sectors interest chupinchakapovacchu. 
• Unna assets ni lease teeskodaniki only few companies e interest chupinchi bid chestharu. And unna few companies anni ee konni assets ki ownership teeskunte migatha assets paristhithi enti ani? And deeni valla only few comapnies hands lo anni assets untayi.

Experts andaru NMP dwara vacchey ee major issues ni point out chesaru.

Conclusion

Ee National Monetisation Pipeline concept ni chusi opposition party ithe satisfy avvaledhu. Public wealth ni use cheyadaniki chusthundhi current government antundhi. Alage large infrastructures unna kuda vatini handle cheyagalige industrial groups mana India lo takkuvaga unnay antunaru. So idhi workout avvakapovacchu antundhi.

Enni advantages and disadvantages unna kuda government assets ni use chese paddathi meeda base ayyi undhi. Ela execute chestharu aney dhani meeda revenue anedhi depend ayyi undhi. 

Also read Afghanistan & Taliban – History to Present

The post National Monetisation Pipeline – Explained appeared first on So Called Happenings.

History

Afghanistan, chaala years nundi baga domination ki guraina desham. 18th, 19th centuries lo Russia ki British ki madya oka great game e jarigindi. Asalu great game ante enti? 

Russian empire bayapaduthu undedi ekkada British government anni deshalu ni odisthu vatini daatukuni vacchi ekkada vallani kuda odinchi valla control lo ki teeskuntaru ani. Alage Britain kuda bayapaduthu undedi ekkada Russian empire vacchi veellani odinchesthadhi ani. 

Independence from British

Ala great game avuthunna time lo Britain 3 times Afghanistan pai war ki vellindi Afghanistan ni valla control lo teesukodaniki. 1st time in 1838 but gelavalekapoyaru, again 2nd time 1878-1880 appudu Afghanistan pai gelicharu. Gelichi vallani rule chesthundaga, But somehow malli 1919 lo inko war jarigindi ee sari British Afghanistan pai odipoindi. Finally, 1921 lo Afghanistan ki British nundi independence vacchi vallani tarimi kottindi.

Monarchy and its end

Taruvta 1921 lo Amanullah Afghanistan ni rule chesaru. Kani 1926 lo athaniki athane nene king ni ani Monarchy establish chesaru. But athanu succeed avvalekapoyaru. Dhaniki karanam Afghan civil wars. Afghanistan lo different types of tribal groups vallalo vallu kottukuni okalini okalu dominate cheskovali ani chusevaru. Andhukani Amanullah Afghanistan ni vidichi vellipoyaru. Appudu 1933 lo Zahir khan king ayyaru.

1953 lo Zahir khan cousin aina Mohammed Daoud Khan Afghanistan Prime minister ayyaru. Ah time lo Daoud khan Russia, USSR lanti countries ni chusi valla lanti communist groups and valla ideas ki attract ayyaru. Ala appude, 1965 lo Afghanistan lo oka communist party secret ga form chesaru. Ee communist party leaders Nur Mohammad Taraki inka Barbak Karmal chala important role play chesaru. Chivariki 1973 lo forcefully Zahir Khan ni king ga tolaginchesi Daoud Khan finally President ayyaru.

Ala 1973 lo monarchy anedhi end ayyindhi. Republic of Afghanistan ki president ayyaru Daoud Khan. Deenine Daoud Republic ani kuda antaru. Dhaniki karanam Daoud khan vacchaka republic anedhi vacchindi ani. And ee government ni evaru recognise cheyaledhu. Andaru idhi kevalam USSR ki puppet government ani annarui. Kani only India okate ee government ni recognise chesindi. Total South Asian countries lo India okate deenini recognise chesindhi.

Establishment of Democracy

Daoud Khan president ayyaka 1975-77 lo oka kottha constitution ni establish chesaru. Andulo women rights ni and state modernisation kosam em cheyalo anni unay. Social and economical reforms chala develop chesaru. Ala chala rakaluga Afghanistan develop indhi. But then 1978 lo saur revolution start indhi. Andulo Daoud Khan champabaddaru.

Akkada unna communist party ki founder aina Nur Mohammad Taraki eh inka communism enduku maku Islamic state kavali ani. Manam kottha Islamic principles ni base chesi Afghanistan ni implement cheddham ani propose chesaru. 1979 lo American ambassador ina Adolph Dubs tho kuda chala godavalu jarigi chivariki athanu inka Taraki kuda chanipoyaru. Appudu Amin Afghanistan ki president and kottha ruler ayyaru.  

Soviet invasion and war

Adhey year December 24th na USSR Afghanistan ni invade chesindhi. Ah time lo civil wars chala jarigevi. 1979 lo chala peddha clashes ayyevi US and USSR ki. Appude anni countries ki independence vasthu undevi.

US kotthaga vacchina independent countries ki communism start avvdaniki veelu ledhu annaru according to their Doctrine of containment. Alage USSR kuda chala gattiga nammedi communism anedi start avvali prathi country lo once communism anedi start ithey vere vidhanga deviate avvakudadu ani nammedi according to Brezhnev doctrine. Ila cold wars jaruguthu undevi US ki USSR ki. 

America’s proxy war against USSR using Pak and Mujahideen

So, USSR Afghanistan ni eppudu ithe invade chesindho ah time lo US CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) secret ga Afghanistan lo unde mujahideens ki support chesthu undedi valla soldiers ki funding chesthu train chesthu. Daniki karanam vallu valla religion ni baga nammukuni undatam valley.

So, vallu communism ki support chesevaru kadhu. valaki Islamic state e kavali anevaru. 1980’s lo Osama Bin Laden Mujahideen tho patu kalisi Afghanistan nundi USSR ni odincharu. Ala US Mujahideens ni upayoginchi USSR pai gelichela chesindhi.

Rule of Mujahideen

Mujahideens ante evaru ithe Islamic principles ni and Islamic state ni baga nammi avey principles tho country run avvali anukuntaro vallani Mujahideens anevaru. 1987lo Mohammad Najibullah president ayyaru Afghanistan ki.

Ah time lo athanu Islamic principles vatiki support chesthu undevaru. Ayana president ga undetanduku chala kastapaddaru. Daniki karanam Afghanistan lo unde raka rakala tribal groups and religions and valla madya godavalu. Memu goppa ante memu goppa memu rule cheyali ani vallalo vallaki civil wars avthu undevi. 1992 lo finally Tajik leader aina Ahmad Shah Masood Afghanistan capital ina Kabul ni capture chesaru. Najibullah ni tarimesaru.

Taliban history and how they captured power

1995-96 time lo ‘Pashtuns’ ante oka ethnic group, Sunni Muslims Afghanistan lo unde majority people. Vallani andarini gather chesi, Mullah Omar leader ga undi Taliban ni establish chesaru Osama Bin laden and Pakistan help tho. 50 members tho start chesaru ee Taliban ni.

Ela ina Afghanistan ni Islamic state ga marchali ani. Adhey time lo Afghanistan ni capture chesi ee Taliban Kandahar ni Afghanistan capital ga chesaru. Kani mottham Afghanistan ni control lo ki teeskoledhu. Northern parts of Afghanistan ki inka Ahmad Shah Masood e lead chestunnaru. Kani ee Taliban ni evaru recognise cheyaledhu. Even India. Only Pakistan, UAE, Saudi tappa. Ee

Taliban valla rules avi chala cruel ga ruthless ga undevi. Women asau bayatki rakudadu ani rule pettaru. Okavela ravali ante evaro oka man thodu ga ravali. Women ki education, employment em lekunda chesaru. Islamic principles ni chala strict ga follow ayyela chesaru. 

Conflicts with India

India Afghanistan ki manchi relation e undedi. Eppudu ithe Taliban control lo teeskunaro Afghanistan tho conflicts start ayyay. Dhaniki karanam Buddhist Bamiyan temples. Veetini Afghanistan lo develop cheyadaniki karanam India. Veetini demolish chesaru daniki karanam Islamic state lo maku temples enduku ani. Deenini India object chesindi. Inkoka karanam non-Muslims ni identify cheyadaniki signs veskondi ani Taliban Afghanistan people ki cheppindi. Ila discrimination start cheyadam valla India deenini protest chesindi. Kani taruvata occhindi peddha conflict. 

1999 lo IC814 ina mana Indian plane ni hijack chesaru. Kathmandu lo start aina plane ni Amritsar teeskellaru. Tarvutha refilling antu Dubai teeskelli akkada nundi Kandahar teeskellaru. Kandahar ante capital of Taliban. India tho chala negotiations chesaru. Plane and andulo unna janam ni safe ga unchatam kosam finally 3 main terrorists ni release cheyamannaru.

Andulo okaru Maulana Masood Azhar – URI attack, 2019 Pulwama attack, 2001 lo Indian parliament attack ki karanam ina Jaish-e-mohammed aney pakistan terrorist organisation founder. Inkokalu Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar Kashmiri terrorist. Inkokalu Omar sheikh. Veelani release chesindi India in return of 150 hostages. Ee incident taruvata India and Afghanistan madya relation poorthiga maripoindi. 

9/11 attacks and American invasion

September 11th, 2001 prapancham antha shock ipoina roju. Ah roju US meeda jarigina attacks ni 9/11 attacks antam. 4 aeroplanes ni hijack chesindi Osama Bin Laden leader ina Al-Qaida terrorist group. Two planes New York lo unna world trade towers pai attack ki vellayi. Rendu gantala lopu lo ne 110 floors unna aah towers koolipoyay. Dhanitho surrounding buildings kuda damage ayyay. Inkoka plane US military defence headquarters ina pentagon building ni destroy chesindi. Inkoka plane white house meedha attack ki velluthundaga lucky ga aah plane ni Pennsylvania lo shoot chesaru. Idhi antha George W Bush president ga unna time lo. Appudu war on terror ni declare chesindi US.

Americans ni safe ga unchadaniki and mundu mundu vere attacks evi US lo jaragakunda undataniki. Ee attacks ki karanam ina Osama Bin Laden ni handover cheyamani Taliban ni adigindi US. But dhaniki vallu oppukoledu. October 2001 lo US Afghanistan ni odinchindi. Konni rojulaki Taliban ni kuda lekunda chesaru. Kani prapanchaniki teliyani vishayam enti ante ee Taliban ni Pakistan kapadutu vacchindi. Tarvta 2011 lo US force Pakistan ki daggara lo unna Osama Bin Laden ni vethiki champesaru. Idhi oka big achievement war of terror lo. 

Ee war of terror lo only US kadhu, NATO kuda konni troops send chesaru. Fight cheyadaniki. Kani konnallaki NATO troops memu edho oka time lo Afghanistan ni vidichi vellali. So, Afghanistan lo unna police force ki training icchi vallani soldiers ga ready cheyadam better ani propose chesindhi. So trillions of dollars spend chesindi Afghanistan meedha just valla soldiers and military force ni train chesi develop cheyadaniki.

Kani barack Obama konnallaki ma US force ni tirigi teesukuntam ani annaru. Dhaniki karanam US force lo chala mandi soldiers chanipoyaru. Chala mandi handicapped ayipoyaru. But finally 2013 lo kontha mandini matrame unchutham Afghanistan lo ani oppukunnaru.

American exit plan and discussions

American troops eppudu ite Afghanistan nundi tirigi vellipodham anukunnayo appudu 2018 lo Zalmay Khalilzad ni secretary of state ga appoint chesaru. Taliban tho talks start chesaru. Because US troops ki oka honourable exit anedhi kavali annaru. So, future lo etuvanti wars avi jaragakunda haami ivvadam kosam Taliban tho negotiation ki veldham ani 2018 lo talks start chesaru. Taliban ki inkoka founder ina Mullah Baradar ni arrest chesaru inthaku mundhe. Athanani release cheyamani negotiation ki vaccharu.

Finally 2020 February lo oka peace deal ni sign chesaru. Taliban ki pettina rules enti ante- Al-Qaida tho ties pettukovaddhu, Afghanistan ni use cheskuni US meedha attack cheyakudadu, elanti terrorist group tho kuda links undakudadu ani. Ee deal sign ayyaka chala mandi terrorists ni release chesaru.

Taliban recapture

Eppudu ithey Joe Biden kottha president ayyaro appudu Afghanistan lo unna US troops ni inka twaraga US ki teeskoccheddham aney process lo Taliban nundi assurance teeskokunda, Taliban ki cheppakunda US troops ni tirigi vaccheyamani annaru. July lo Afghanistan lo unna US troops ni tirigi teeskochesaru US ki. But anukokunda august 15th, 2021 lo Taliban Afghanistan ni recapture cheskuni malli valla control lo ki teeskundhi.

Taliban malli tirigi vasthundi anukunnaru kani intha twaraga vasthundi ani evaru anukoledhu. Dhaniki karanam sagam US troops tirigi vellipovadam ithey inkoka karanam corruption ani kontha mandi antunnaru.

India and its investment in Afghanistan

Chala mandiki telisina vishayam only US eh Afghanistan force meedha chala invest chesthundi ani. But India kuda Afghanistan lo and Afghanistan tho relations maintain cheyandaniki chala ne invest chesindi. Andulo okati library ithe, inkoti Afghan-India Friendship dam (Salma Dam). idhey kakunda India nundi Afghanistan ki velladaniki Iran lo oka port kuda build chesthundi adhey Chabahar port.

Alane Zaranj-Delaram highway kuda construct chesindhi. Ee highway nundi Iran border ki easy ga reach avvachu. Akkada nundi Chabahar port ki. So that India nundi evaraina Afghanistan vellali anukunte Pakistan okavela India air spaces close chesina kuda manaki indirect route untundi ani. Adhey kakunda Afghanistan lo unna parliament kuda India ne construct chesindi. Atal Bihari Vajpayee peru tho oka block kuda undhi akkada. Infact ee parliament ni inaugurate chesindi mana Prime Minister Narendra Modi ne.

India-Afghanistan relation

Adhey kakunda India ki Afghanistan ki relations bagunnay anadaniki mukhyamaina karanam 2010 lo Afghanistan lo jarigina survey. Adhey survey lo 71% Afghanistan people India positive role play chesindi ma country lo ani annaru. Alage kevalam 2% matrame Pakistan positive role play chesindi annaru. Afghanistan ki India ki relations bagunnay anadaniki main reason Afghan players IPL lo participate cheyadam. Alane bollywood lo unna Afghan actors ni kuda aadaristhundhi India. Afghanistan students mana India lo unnaru, chaduvukuntunnaru. Afghanistan politicians valla relatives families kuda mana India lo unnaru, untunnaru kuda!

Pakistan’s role

Pakistan eh Taliban ni create chesindi anadaniki etuvanti doubt ledhu. Pakistan nunde 1996 lo Taliban journey start indhi. Taliban vere countries ki vellali anna daakovali anna  Pakistan nunde easy vellevaru and akkada stay kuda chesevaru. US meeda terror attacks kuda Pakistan nunde plan chesevaru. Mullah Baradar eppudu ithe Pakistan ki teliyakunda Afghanistan lo peace deals chesthunaro appdu Pakistan government Mullah Baradar ni arrest chesindhi.

US orders prakaram athanini release chesi US tho negotiation ki Mullah Baradar ni teeskocchindi Pakistan. Alage ey Pakistan ithe Taliban ni create chesindho, train chesindo, adhey Pakistan ippudu negotiation table ki Taliban ni teeskocchindi. Eppudu ithe Taliban Afghanistan ni capture chesindho Pakistan lo unde Islamic parties anni chala santhoshinchayi.

Why China is supporting?

1996 lo Taliban ni China gurthinchaledhu. Kani eppudu ithe Taliban Afghanistan ni 2021 lo recapture chesindho China Taliban ki kuda oka chance iddham vallani rule cheyaniddham ani annadhi. Dhaniki karanam Belt and Road Initiative. China propose chesina oka strategy idhi. Ippudu ee project safety only Afghanistan safety meeda depend ayyi undhi. Okavela Afghanistan stable ga lekapothe ekkada ee major trillions of project kuda pothundhi ani.

Adhi kakunda China Taliban nundi promise teeskundhi. China lo unde Uyghur Muslims meeda chala goralu chesindhi. Vallani labours ga use cheyadam, torture cheyadam, abuse cheyadam. Ila jariginappudu Mujahideens akkada unna Muslims ki support chesi  China pai attacks chesindhi. So malli attacks jaragakunda undatam kosam and Afghanistan ni use chesi attacks jaragakunda undatanki Taliban support kavali. Veeti vallane China Taliban ki support chesthundi ani cheppocchu.

Aftermath & Conclusion

Ippudu taliban Afghanistan ni capture chesindhi. But after 2018 and recent ga vallu icchina statements batti chusthe change ayyaru ane anacchu. Deeniki karanam women journalist tho interviews ivvadham and women ni chaduvukonistham ani anadam. Kani valla main aim matram change avvlaedhu. Afghanistan ni Islamic state ga marchutham aney anunnaru inka. Deeni batti chusthey Taliban diplomatic tho untunnaru anacchu enduku ante taliban Afghanistan lo undali ante international support kavali. August 21st, 2021 na Mullah Baradar Afghanistan reach ayyaru. Mostly athane next Afghanistan president avutharu. 

Afghanistan ni capture chesindi Taliban, mana Indian plane IC814 ni okappudu hijack chesina mana enemies. China, Pakistan manaki unna inko rendu neighbours. 3 enemy neighbour countries unnaru manaki. Afghanistan capture ayyaka mana India involve avthundha ante dhaniki answer ledhu. Present India strategic silence maintain chesthundhi. Chuddham asala em avthundi ani. Afghanistan ni kapadukovalsina badhyatha kuda mana India ki undhi. Deeniki India cheyalsina pani mana lage same threat tho unna inko 3 countries Iran, China and Russia ni kuda involve chesi andaru kalisi matladithe may be mana India ki antha threat undakapovacchu and peace kudurchukovacchu.

Let’s see asala em avthundo!

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