In 1895, Korea stopped being a Chinese tributary state isolated from the rest of the world. For over 1000 years of being a vassal state of China, Korea was now an independent country. Not because it looks for independence, but because independence was thrust upon by the Japanese. Therefore 1895 is such an important year in Korean history and became an independent Korea.

Powerful Neighbors

This Korea was surrounded by countries that were far more powerful than itself. So, Korea had to learn to survive between the various powers. The most powerful countries were:

• The Soviet Union
• The Republic of China
• Japan
• The United States

Independent Korea faced many difficulties. To the west, it was declining China. North, it was an emboldened Russia that sought greater influence in East Asia. East, it was the empire of Japan, an empire which itself was surrounded by more powerful and more advanced European countries.

So, what did Korea do?

Korea decided to modernize and westernize using Japan as a model on how to do so. Korea recognized its military to be more western, receiving modern training and weapons from Russia. It improved its educational system by opening public schools, colleges, and universities in the year 1904. Many of the universities in Korea today were founded in the time of this Korean empire.

The government promoted industrialization by low-cost silk spinning and weaving machines with which it could out-compete high-cost manufacturing abroad and make a lot of profit by exporting cheap silk to rich nations. It builds new infrastructure such as electric stretchers, water companies, telephone lines, and a power grid.

In 1897, it even changed its name. For a century the nation inhabiting the Korean peninsula was called Joseon but was renamed the Korean empire. Korea had moved away from China and was now moving towards closer ties with Russia. It hoped that Russia could not only help Korea to industrialize but also to help secure Korean independence. The reason for Korea to seek close ties with Russia is that Japan had been discussed invading Korea for decades. Japan had already decided that it would invade Korea.

Japanese Occupation

Japan argued that Korea was an inferior nation that failed to modernize. Therefore ought to be conquered by the superior Japanese nation. This point of view is comparable to how European nations viewed African and Asian nations at that time. And so, with both Russia and Japan wanting control over Korea to gain more influence in East Asia. The two sides fought a war in the year 1904, which Japan won.

As a result, Korea was forced to become a protectorate of Japan in 1905. But Korea was too weak to hold off the Japanese. So, in 1910, Korea became a colony of the empire of Japan.

Involvement & Influence

In this period of history, China lost its position as the dominant power in East Asia is called the “century of humiliation in China”. But while China was humiliated, Korea was used, abused, and subdued. Japan treated Korea as its colony. This meant that Japan sought to civilize the Koreans by banning the Korean language, customs, and traditions in favor of the Japanese language, customs, and traditions. For example, the Koreans were forced to change their Korean names to Japanese names. Korean laborers were exploited to harvest resources. Korean infrastructure was built to transport those resources to Japan. Those resources were turned into a product, used for Japanese control over Korea and other areas of East Asia.

The effect of the Japanese occupation on Korea was so severe. When Japan lost world war2, it had to end its occupation of Korea. By then, the Koreans lacked almost all administrative and technical expertise to run their own country. This is because the Japanese empire almost exclusively used the Japanese to administer its Korean colony. Meaning there were almost no Koreans left anymore who had experience in running a country.

How was Korea divided?

And so now it’s 1945 and the Japanese were leaving. But while they were leaving the soviet army was arriving. And so once again, Korea was fought over by larger, more powerful nations this time the Soviet Union and the United States of America. Because the cold war was beginning and in the cold war the main weapons used were ideology and proxy wars. With the Soviet Union turning towards Soviet-style communism and the USA turning towards capitalism.

Cold War Impact

Each side wanted control over Korea for its strategic position in East Asia and the USA became afraid with the Soviets would occupy all of Korea. So, the USA tasked two young officers to come up with a proposal on how to split Korea between the Soviets and the US. Without much knowledge of Korea and without consulting experts on Korea, they took a national geographic map and decided that a line on that map, called the 38^th parallel, would be a good way to divide Korea so that each side would have approximately half the Korean territory.

To the surprise of the USA, the Soviets immediately accepted the division, unaware that the Russian empire discussed sharing Korea along the same line with Japan and they were giving the soviets exactly what they wanted. This split was meant to last 5 years, after which Korea would be turned back to the Koreans in a united Korean state. Most Koreans demanded immediate independence, but their voices were ignored.

Discussions between US & USSR

The USSR and USA met several times to discuss how Korea will be united. The soviets proposed Liu won Hyung as the leader of a united Korea, but this was rejected by the USA. The soviets proposed both sides withdraw and let the Korean people from their united government, but this too was rejected by the USA. So, the US brought the problem to the United Nations which declared that both sides should withdraw, and free elections are held. But the Soviets boycotted this resolution, arguing that the UN couldn’t guarantee fair elections. As time went on the two nations diverged and over time the Soviet Union and the USA each established a different national government in the Korean territory they controlled.

Two Governments

In the North, a provisional government was created by the USSR in 1946, under the leadership of Kim-ul-sung, he was chosen by the Soviets to lead North Korea for his close ties with the Soviet government. When talking about NK it is important to note that there is very little information about this country. The closer we are to the present, the less information we have.

About North Korea

North Korea faced many of the same issues previous Korean entities faced it was surrounded by the powerful Soviet Union to the north and a powerful united states to its south. North Korea, therefore, needed to become a useful client state of the Soviet Union and quickly adopted soviet style governance. It instituted land reforms where land owned by Japanese citizens, Korean collaborators, and landlords were redistributed among poor farmers. The government took control over many businesses and gave women more equality compared to men.

As a result of these reforms, the elites lost most of their power. Many of these collaborators, Japanese, and allies fled south. And just like the Soviet Union, North Korea removed domestic opposition and implemented a one-party state. Where the government only has a single political party, the workers’ party of Korea. Over time Kim-ul-sung became the nation’s absolute ruler and to keep the people from rebelling, a cult of personality was formed around him and his dynasty.

In today’s world, South Korea is the preferred Korea to live in. But in the 1960s, North Korea was a serious contender for Korean leadership.

How did this happen?

North in Comparison to South

The North Korean economy after the Korean war performed better than its southern counterpart. This is in large part because North Korea had almost everything it needed within its borders to create industry. It is rich in magnesite, zinc, iron, tungsten, anthracite, and gold. It had many factories to run those raw materials into goods, and it had plenty of coal and forests to generate electricity for those factories and its people.

Militarization

Over time the North Korean economy became more and more intertwined with the military, where many industries were under army control. Such as infrastructure, construction, and logistics. North Koreans are allowed to join the military at the age of 17 years and almost all men join the army out of tradition. It is to gain opportunities in life or out of a sense of duty to the country. The army and the economy are nearly synonymous in North Korean society, where the government promotes unity of soldiers and the people.

This is in large part because of Korea’s history. It was used by Japan to invade China twice. It was used by the Mongolians to invade Japan twice and it was occupied by foreign powers twice and so North Korea built a strong defensive military, where nearly all men received military training and where the country had a large arsenal of weapons it could use for offensive and defensive actions should North Korea ever get invaded, it would have millions of soldiers able to fight a guerilla war until the occupation of North Korea became too costly and their enemy would have to retreat.

North Korean actions are in many ways shaped by its history of foreign invasion and the fear that history will repeat itself from the beginning.

Propaganda

The government implemented a vast propaganda program that permeates nearly all parts of North Korean society to keep its people in line and promote national unity. For example, it communicates to people that no matter how mundane your job may be, that you are an important part of the country and that therefore the country with taking care of you. This is not only a way to prevent the people from rebelling by giving them a sense of belonging, but also to motivate workers to be as productive as they can be to support the greater good.

And while North Korea lacks the soil to produce enough food and refuses to import sufficient food from abroad, often leading to famine, that this struggle is shared amongst all the people of North Korea. And this propaganda is omnipresent in the nation.

Propaganda was equipped with large speakers playing music, news and propaganda are present at construction sites, coal mines, and other large working sites. While I would like to give a more chronological event of North Korean propaganda, there isn’t that much information on it.

Slogans

Their common slogans are “My country is the best”, which is also the name of a popular North Korean song. You can find these slogans on the busses of North Korea. Many forms of North Korean art, film, and literature are focused on the youth focusing on the heroism of their nation. A popular North Korean band named Moratory with themes such as loyalty, patriotism, the military, science, and technology.

Now, it is important to state that North Koreans aren’t any different from anybody else. After all, they go to work, play sports, and care for their children just like everywhere else in the world. Outdoor barbeques in parks, singing, dancing, and group saunas are all popular pastime activities in North Korea.

Lagging Behind

By the year 1970, North Korean technology started lagging behind that of the rest of the world. It was aware of this. In the ’60s and ’70s North Korea refurbished the energy grid with the help of the soviets. It modernized its military and tried mechanizing its agricultural sector but that mostly failed.

Debts

However, North Korea didn’t have the money to pay for all of this and so it borrowed the money. So much in fact that by 1975 it couldn’t repay these loans. After all, it’s not like somebody could force North Korea to repay its debt. But this left the country with a major problem. Nobody trusted North Korea anymore to lend them any money. And so, it needed to look for a new source of finance.

North Korea’s isolation gave it one very important advantage which most other countries didn’t have at that time is secrecy. And while we don’t know exactly when it is thought that around the 1980s. North Korea started exporting missiles and over the years their customers included Iran, Syria, Iraq, Libya, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Egypt.

Impact of USSR Collapse

Throughout this time North Korea had been a close ally of the Soviet Union. But in 1991, the USSR collapsed. As a result, North Korea lost a large amount of foreign aid which they used to get from the soviets. Thus it lost its largest trading partner. Furthermore, China no longer had to worry about North Korea becoming a soviet puppet state. So it reduced the amount of funding it was giving North Korea. As a result, North Korea once again ran out of money.

Policy Shift

Not only that, in 1994 the leader of North Korea, Kim ul-sung died. He was replaced by his son, Kim Jong-ul. As a result, the 90s was a major shift for North Korea. When Kim Jong-ul ascended to power in North Korea, he took over a nation with a struggling economy and facing a famine. To solve these problems, the new leadership adopted a new policy. It is the Songun policy in which the economy and military are of equal priority.

Songun means “military first”. In it, the military would lead the recovery of the North Korean nation. To secure national independence, the military began developing nuclear weapons. And when North Korea had problems generating enough electricity in the ’90s, the military helped build dozens of new dams along the many rivers. So many in fact that today hydroelectric power accounts for 2/3 of North Korea’s energy.

Attempt of Diplomatic ties

North Korea even started to replace the ‘Juche’ policy of self-determination and self-reliance. Because North Korean soil isn’t well suited to agriculture, the government sought to change the country’s policy of isolationism by attempting to improve diplomatic ties with other countries. For example, North Korea agreed to pause its nuclear weapon program in return for arranging the construction of two nuclear reactors by mainly south Korean contractors in 1994, halted testing of a long-range missile in 1999, decreased the amount of violent rhetoric, stopped incursions into the DMZ, and the leaders of North and South Korea met in the year 2000 to discuss taking steps towards unification.

Relations between North Korea and countries in Europe and Asia were improving. But even though North Korea had improved relationships, it did not receive financial and economic aid. North Korea likely hoped for companies were unwilling to provide more than food aid and businesses didn’t see North Korea as a stable country to do businesses in. This was probably far too little for North Korea and relations worsened shorter after, when North Korea became reluctant to dismantle its nuclear program and the USA’s president called North Korea an “Axis of evil”.

Return to Isolation

In 2003, North Korea pulled out the nuclear non-proliferation treaty and continued developing nuclear weapons for self-defense. After all, if you have a nuke that can destroy entire cities people tend to be a lot less willing to invade you. By 2006, the country conducted underground tests and it is widely thought that as of this moment North Korea had access to nuclear bombs. And so North Korea returned to its policy of isolation.

From their perspective, there was little to gain from the outside world while the outside world could incite civil unrest like what happened in the Soviet Union. North Korea might look like a nation that arbitrarily opens, only to then break all ties again. But the North Korean perspective is one of fear and suspension.

It knows that South Korea, Japan, Europe, and the United States would like nothing more for North Korea to become part of a united Korea led by the southern government, like how a united Germany was dominated by West Germany. North Korea’s leaders know they are balancing a starving population with the few resources available to them and do not want to end up like the Soviet Union who liberalized its economy, broke apart, and where Russia is now a shell of its former self with the European Union and us turning former soviet territories towards the west, while a resurgent China operates itself into the politics of Central Asia which had been in the Russian sphere of influence for centuries.

Conclusion

In a world where nuclear weapons deter invasion, where liberalism invites rebellion, and where power is exercised from a strong economy, North Korea is deeply distrustful of anyone who might upset the balance its leaders have built. North Korea is not some irrational actor on the world stage like it is often depicted, not at all. The North Korean government is consumed by fear. Fear of its own people who might rebel, fear of its allies who might install a new government, and fear of its enemies who might reunify Korea under the south’s rule. South that was becoming more and more powerful.

Also check out PCOD/PCOS : Difference, Causes, Symptoms, Cure!

You may be interested in Union Budget 2023-24 : Explained!

The post What made North Korea an unfriendly Nation? appeared first on So Called Happenings.

Suggestion: Ee article marintha clear ga artham kavadam kosam, Periods- All you need to know about it! ee article chadavandi.

What is PCOD?

PCOD ante PolyCystic Ovarian disease. General ga woman ovaries nundi every month eggs release avthayi ani chusam kadha, so Ee medical condition lo emavthundi ante ee ovaries partial ga mature ina or immature eggs ni release chesthayi. And with time ivi cysts kinda maaripothayi. Cysts lo chinna sacs laga undi vaatilo liquid laga untundi. Eppudu ithe ila jaruguthundo, ovaries size anedhi peddhaga avthayi. So deeni valla ekkuva amount lo male hormones ante androgens release avthayi. Eppudu ithe ee androgens levels peruguthayo female human body lo dhani valla chala problems like menstrual cycle regular ga undakapovadam, infertility, hair loss, weight gain lanti problems vasthuntayi. General ga ee PCOD ki karanam mana lifestyle, junk food consumption, weight gain valla vasthuntadhi. Ee PCOD anedhi normal ga lifestyle lo changes cheyadam valla and diet valla control cheyacchu.

What is PCOS?

PCOS ante Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Idhi endocrine disorder. Ee condition lo general ga androgens ante male hormones levels increase avthayi. So that egg release time lo and development time lo interfere ayyi normal process ni addukuntundhi. Konni eggs aithe cysts kinda maaripoi ovaries size ni enlarge chesthayi. And ee PCOS vallana periods regular ga undakapovadam, hair growth peragatam like facial hair growth, irregular cycles vallana and cysts vallana pregnant avvadam kuda kastam avthundhi. At the same time idhe kanuka continue ithe long term lo diabetes and heart diseases ki daari teesthundhi. So, ee PCOS ni mundu ga ne find out chesi saraina treatment and medical attention tho starting lo ne cure chesthe etuvanti problem undadhu.

General ga 1 out of every 10 women lo ee PCOD/PCOS problem undatam anedhi common ipoindhi. Deeniki main karanam teeskune food lo and lifestyle lo ne untundhi. So ee problem ni overcome cheyadaniki mundu ga ne veeti symptoms ni kanukkuni chinna chinna changes chesi medical attention tho easy ga set cheskovacchu.

Symptoms of PCOD/PCOS

Mostly chala mandi ammailaki unde problem irregular periods. Konni konni sarlu stress valla or else common le anukuni vadilestharu. But idhey irregular periods continue avthu unte medical attention teesukuni asalu enduku ila avthundi ani find out chesukuni daniki taggattu ga treatment teesukovali

Main ga PCOD/PCOS lo kanipinche signs and symptoms

• Irregular periods
• Asalu periods eh rakapovadam
• Periods appudu heavy bleeding avvadam
• Depression & Mood Swings
• Face meeda, body meeda, chest meeda, belly and even back meeda kuda inthaku mundu kante ekkuva ga hair growth untadam
• Face meeda, chest meeda and upper back meedha acne undatam
• Oke sariga weight gain avvadam
• Hair loss ekkuvaga avvadam
• Neck, breasts kinda skin dark ga avvadam
• Infertility valla pregnant avvalekapovadam

Causes of PCOD/ PCOS

Asalu ee PCOD/ PCOS ravadaniki mundu ga main reason enti anedhi chuddham

• Insulin anedhi body lo excess amounts lo produce avvadam vallana. So eppudu ithe ee insulin amounts peruguthayo appudu body lo androgen (ante male hormone) levels perugthayi. And indhaka chusinattu eppudu ithe androgen levels peruguthayo cysts form avvadam, body hair growth avvadam alanti problems ki daari teesthundhi. 
• Excess androgen production valla kuda ee PCOD/ PCOS vacche problem untundhi.
• Sometimes ee PCOD/ PCOS heredity valla kuda vacche chances unnayi
• Luteinizing hormone levels peragadam vallana kuda testosterone hormonal levels increase avthayi. So hormonal imalances create avthayi.

Complications that may occur

Undavalasina hormonal levels kanna ekkuva unte obvious ga konni problems and complications vasthayi. Ee PCOD/ PCOS vallana vacchey complications enti ante

• Infertility- indhaka chusinattu pregnant avvadam kuda kastam avthundi konni cases lo
• Long term PCOD/ PCOS vallana type 2 diabetes vacchey chances unnayi
• Pregnant ladies lo time kante munduga baby deliver avvadam or labor ravadam jaruguthundhi
• Insulin levels pergadam valla diabetes and heart diseases vacche chances unnay
• Chala cases lo ammaylu depression and anxiety ki guri avtharu
• Over weight valla vacchey problems chala unnay
• Sleeping problems 
• Miscarriage
• Eating disorders
• hypertension
• Uterine lining ki cancer vacche chances kuda unnayi

When to consult a doctor?

General ga periods delay ithe em kadhu le anukuni ignore chesthu untam. But general cycle 21 days to 35 days minchakudadhu. So periods irregular ga unna, heavy bleeding unna kuda ventane doctor ni consult avvdam better. Idhey kakunda pregnant avvadam kastam avthu unte kuda doctor ni consult avvali. General ga acne, hair loss anevi chala common factors ammayillo. But ee conditions excess avthunna kuda dhani root cause ni find out chesi cure cheyadam better. So hormonal imbalances ki PCOD/ PCOS ki teda ni kanukkuni doctor suggestion teesukuni treatment teesukovadam better.

Diagnosis of PCOD/ PCOS

General ga PCOD/ PCOS valla physical ga kanapade acne, facial hair growth, irregular periods, hair thinning and inka food habits valla kanipetacchu. But konni sarlu doctors konni rakamaina tests kuda recommend chestharu PCOD/ PCOS ni diagnose cheyadaniki

• Pelvic examination valla female reproductive organs ni vati appearance ni, weight ni and growth ni batti kuda telsukovacchu
• Blood tests, glucose tolerance dwara kuda hormonal levels ni kanukkuntaru
• Ultrasound dwara ovaries and vati lining and asalu ovaries lo cysts unaya leva ani kuda findout chestharu
• Ivey kakunda konni cases lo anxiety, depression, sleep cycle, eating disorders batti kuda diagnose chestharu

Difference between PCOD and PCOS

So PCOD and PCOS rendu kuda okelaga kanipisthu unatyi but chinna variation undhi. General ga PCOD anedhi chala mandi lo common ga kanipisthundhi. Deenini konchem easy lifestyle modifications and diet modifications valla cure chesukovacchu kuda. Whereas PCOS konchem serious condition. Idhi oka metabolic disorder. Endocrine system disorder. PCOD one third of the global woman population lo unde common disorder. Kani PCOS chala takkuva mandilo untundhi. PCOD valla pregnancy konchem kastam avthundi. But impossible ithe kadhu and konni cases lo pregnancy ki etuvanti addu kuda kadhu. But PCOS lo hormonal imbalances anni balance chesi and menstrual cycles balance chesinappudu matrame pregnancy easy avthundhi.

Lifestyle modifications you need to do if you have PCOD/ PCOS

Lifestyle changes vallana PCOD maximum check lo unchocchu. Hormonal imbalances valla vacche problems ni kuda chinna chinna modifications lo easy ga balance cheyacchu

• First things first weight anedhi correct ga undali. BMI (Body Mass Index) anedi eppudu 18.5- 24.9 range lo ne undelaga chuskovali. Eppudu ithe 30 kanna ekkuva undho adhi over weight and obese kinda consider chestharu. So weight anedhi correct ga balance chesthu, cholesterol levels correct ga maintain cheyadam valla risks tagguthayi.
• Sugar consumption and dairy products consumption tagginchadam kuda important
• Regular exercises cheyadam kuda chala important. Ippudu unna ifestyle and food habits valla workout cheyakapovadam valla chala problems vastayi. Weekly 5 days minimum 30-60 minutes of exercise anedhi chala important
• Carbs consumption tagginchali. Tiney diet lo eggs, fish, meat, fruits and vegetables ekkuvaga include cheyali. Also, fried foods, junk food avoid cheyali. Seeds and nuts regular ga consume cheyali.

Some best foods for PCOD/ PCOS

Can we cure PCOD/ PCOS permanently?

PCOD anedhi antha serious problem ithe kadhu. Ala ani deeniki complete cure kuda ledhu. Healthy weight maintain chesthu, manchi diet teesukuntu, exercise chesthu, menstrual cycle ni check lo unchukovadam dwara PCOD ni check lo unchacchu. 

PCOS anedhi konchem serious condition. Ala ani bayapadakkarledhu. Deenini kuda complete ga cure cheyalekapoina kuda lifestyle and medical attention tho control cheyacchu. Regular ga blood sugar levels, blood pressure monitor chesthu, menstrual cycle ni set chesi, doctor cheppinattu ga follow ayyi medicines teeskuntu, healthy life style maintain chesthe saripothundi.

Also checkout Best alternatives for pads during periods!

The post PCOD/PCOS : Difference, Causes, Symptoms, Cure! appeared first on So Called Happenings.

Pandemic

Mundhu ga pandemic gurinchi mataladukundham, andariki telisina vishyam enti antey ee covid-19 mana Indian economy ne kakunda anni deshala economy ni debba teesayi. Mana India debba tinindhi and kolukunindhi kuda, ippudu covid-19 valla India ki etuvanti ibbandi ledhu. Kani motham recover ayipoyam antara? Dani gurinchi mataladukovatam maanesam, kani ila cheyatam valla manam kolukunnam anukunte saripothundha? Manam news and newspapers lo chusi untam, ippatiki covid-19 badha peduthune undhi. India ni kaadu emo kani China lo inka ee covid cases vasthunnayi. Miru anukovachu, China lo kada cases vasthe manam enduku worry avvali, India ki enti ibbandi ani. Daniki simple answer, trade relations.

India ki China ki madya chaala yekkuva trade relations unnayi, China nunchi chala raw materials manam import chesukuntunnam. Pharmacy ki kilakamaina raw materials China nunchi manam import chesukuntunnam. Pharmacy ki sambandinchinavi matrame kaadu, auto mobiles and solar sector ki sambandhinchina raw materials lantivi kuda import chesukuntunnam. Ila chusukunte inko wave of pandemic kanaka China ki vachinattu ayite, China nunchi exports aagipovachu dani valla India ki ibbandi kalugavachu.

Inflation

Next inflation gurinchi telusukundham. Rate lu perigipovatam. Ee inflation valla mana Indain economy okkatey debba tinaledhu, western countries kuda ee issue ni face chesaru. Ee inflation valla federal reserve, like European reserve bank lanti pedda banks valla interest rates ni penchesaru. Ila interest rates America lanti developed countries lo perigayi antey, India nunchi konugolu chese vasthuvula midha yekkuva dabbu velthundhi, antey India nunchi normal kanna yekkuva ga dabbu velthundhi.

Ippudu USA lo unna FOMC aney oka committee interest rates ni penchudhama ledha employment issues valla alaney unchudhama ani discuss chesthunnaru. Ee iflation valla imports ki matrame ibbandi, mana Indian market lo undadhu anukuntey adhi porapatu avuthundhi. Inflation rate perigindhi antey Indian economy perugataniki chances taggiothayi. Inflation rates perigayi antey RBI ki vere daari leka India lo kuda interest rates penchutharu. Dini valla loans costly ayipothayi and investments ki kuda ibbandi vasthundhi, specifically private sector investments. kani recent two or three months nunchi chusukunnattu ayite retail inflation koddiga taggindhi, ala ani inflation jarugadhu ani cheppukolem. But recent ga malli konchem peragadam tho REPO rate pencharu.

Recession

Next recession, antey economy debbathinabothondhi. Specific ga Indian economy lo recession jarugabothondhi ani kaadu, konni developed countries lo jarugabothondhi. And akkada jarigithe adhi India ni kuda affect chese chances unnayi. Diniki Karanam globalization. Manam global market nunchi chala products import chesukuntam, dini valla problem ledhu, problem unnadhalla exports daggara. Okavela USA lo kani ledha ye European countries lo ayina recession jarigindhi antey kachitamga Indian market exports valla debba tintundhi. Recent ga exports lo Indian economy taggindhi.

Employment

Fourth and last one, employment. Andaram anukovachu employment rate perigindhi ani, kani chala companies, including Indian and multinational companies valla employees ni teesesthunnaru, ye Karanam lekunda. Kani Karanam undhi, reason yenti antey recession jarugachu yemo aney udhesam tho. Recession jarigithe valla financial status saripoka povachu ani. Recent ga publish ayina data chusukunte 14 year high unemployment rate record ayyindi Indian economy lo.

Ee nalugu vishyalani base chesukoni government ee year Union Budget ni announce chesaru. Ee year budget lo mainly seven areas ki top priority ichindhi Indian government. Avi,

1) Infrastructure

2) The green growth

3) Inclusive development

4) Youth power

5) Unleashing the potential

6) Reaching the last mile

7) Financial sector

1) Infrastructure

Infrastructure gurinchi telusukune mundhu inko dani gurinchi telusukundham, multiplier effect. Infrastructure midha investment cheyatam recent years lo chala perigindhi, private sector nunchi and government sector nunchi kuda. Mukhyam ga government sector nunchi last four to five years chusam antey investment chaala perigindhi. For example, last year. i,e financial year 2022-23  chusukunnam antey, government propose chesina capital expenditure investment is 7.5 lakh crore rupees. Kani government ichina news prakaram only 7.3 lakh crore was invested. Idhi takkuvey anukovachu, kani manaki news vachindhi February 1^st antey financial year inka complete kaaledhu. Financial year march 31^st complete avuthundhi. Kachitamga estimated kanna yekkuvey aye chances unnayi. Ee Union budget lo extra 3.3 lakh crore rupees add chesunnaru, adhi yenduku anedhi taruwata telusukundham.

Ippudu ee 2023-24 financial year budget for infrastructure chusam antey 10lakh crore rupees, antey last financial year ki ee year ki almost 33% hike ayyindi. Last two or three years nunchi 33% hike anedhi jaruguthondhi. Ippudu asalu bgovernment budget ani yeppudu cheppina danilo chusukovalsina points rendu untayi, okati government direct ga spend chese money, accounted as capital expenditure and rendodhi GCCA, dinni kuda oka part of revenue expenditure ga anukuntam. Grants for the Creation of Capital Assets. Ila rendu rakalu ga divide ayina budget GCCA kosam indaka mataladukunna 3.3 lakh crore rupees. Idhi last year vesina estimated revenue expenditure. Adhe ee year ki 10 lakh crore rupees is direct government expenditure and revenue expenditure oka 3.7 lakh rupees ni kalipithe, 13.7 lakh crore rupees. Ippudu multiplier effect gurinchi telusukundham.

Capital Expenditure

Capital expenditure antey money ni asset midha invest cheyatam. For example, government roads veyinchali ani anukunnappudu kani ledha airports develop cheyali anukunnappudu kani, money ni chaala rakaluga invest chestham. Investment in raw materials, investment in man power ila chala rakaluga invest chestham. Mana gamaninchinattu ayite ee investments kuda peruguthune unnayi. Ee investments valla employment rate peruguthundhi, production of goods will be improved, janalu sampadhinchatam modhalu pedutharu. Dini valla economy cycle anedhi abhivrudhi chendhuthundhi. Anduke government last two years ga yekkuva capital infrastructure midha invest chesthondhi.

Ippudu total capital expenditure, government direct ga karchu pette amount 10lakh crore rupees matrame, the other 3.7 lakh crore is not under capital expenditure.  Last year antey budget for 2022-23 lo prathi state ki 1 lakh crore loan isthamu annaru, ee 1 lakh crore kuda government direct ga states ki ivvadhu, ee 1 lakh crore yenti antey state lo expenditure for assets kosam konni conditions tho istharu. Ee 1 lakh crore lo kontha bhagam central approve chesina reforms kosam and migatha bhagam state lo cheyali anukunna vaati kosam.

Central approved reforms kosam ichedhi unconditional ga untundhi, idhi distribute chese padhathi yenti antey, recommendations of devolution provided by the 15-finance commission, but state lo infrastructure development kosam government ichedhi conditional. Ee year budget lo government 1 lakh crore ni kastha 1.3 lakh crore chesindhi. Ivi interest free loans. Veetiki tenure 50 years, antey re-payment 50 years ki chestharu. Dinilo kuda kontha bhagam conditional and inkontha bhagam unconditional.

Urban Finances (Urban Infrastructure Development Fund)

Urban finances gurinchi chala reports vasthunnayi, RBI monthly bulletins nunchi oka report vachindi and world bank nunchi kuda oka report vachindi yenti antey, raaboye 20 years lo population in the cities perugabothondhi, dini valla cities ki kavalsina infrastructure ni provide cheyataniki investments perugabothunnayi. Dinni drushtilo pettukoni central government oka proposal ni tisuku vachindhi, adhe UIDF- Urban Infrastructure Development Fund. Ee UIDF yenti antey, government urban level areas kosam separate ga funds issue chesthundhi, yentha issue chesthundhi anedhi manaki teliyadu yendukante idhi proposal maatrame inka idhi vaadakam loki raaledhu. Dini gurinchi charchalu jaruguthunnayi. finance minister yem annaru antey, oka city UIDF ki eligible ani cheppali antey, urban local bodies credit rating improve avvochu ani state prove cheyagaligithe appudu assistance istham.  Yedaina municipality market nunchi appu tisukovali ani anukunnappudu vallaki oka credit rating untundhi, danni meet avvali. Alage ee UIDF kuda oka certain credit rating undali.

Railways

Inthaka mundhu varaku infrastructure development lo railways ki maatram separate budget undedhi, kani ippudu adhi kuda union budget lo kalipesaru. Ee year Railways ki infrastructure budget 2.04 lakh crores. One of the highest budget. Railways yokka operating ration recent times lo improve ayyindi. Operating ration antey, the amount of expenditure and the amount generated by railways.

2) The Green Growth

Ee madya kalam lo gamaninchinattu ayite, government renewable energy midha chala investmets chesthondhi, vaati vivaralu ippudu manam telusukundham. Indian government renewable energy ki switch avvataniki yenno initiatives chesthondhi. Diniki example ga government solar power midha yekkuva money ni invest cheyatam start chesthondhi. Recent years ni gamanisthe India one of the leading countries ayyindi, solar panels expensive aney stage nunchi solar power using and afford cheyagalige stage loki vacham. Idhe kakunda green hydrogen midha kuda Indian government prayogalu chesthondhi. Hydrogen ledha green hydrogen usage kotha yem kaadu, chala industries hydrogen ni fuel ga use chestharu. Kani ee green hydrogen valla oka upayogam yenti antey, environment damage kakunda tayaru chese hydrogen. Inka ilantivi cheyali ani Indian government initiative tisukundhi.

Green Credit Program

Ila launch chesina oka program ye Green Credit Program. Ee program lo yedaina oka non-government community valla land lo ledha valla chuttu unna parisarallo 3 years paatu akkada chetlanu penchadam vaatini poshinchatam chesthe, ah 3years span taruwata forest department vallaki compensate chesthundhi. Yenduku chesthundhi antey, ah community land lo government cheyaleni oka pani chesinanduku, forest ni penchinanduku and Indian government forestation perugataniki chesina oka pani. Tana daggara unna sontha resources nunchi cheyalekapothe, chesina vallaki compensate cheyatam easy ani. Ee vishyam lo inka chaala details finalize kaaledhu, diniki certain guidelines untayi and certain conditions untayi avi follow ayite ne compensation ivvabaduthundhi.

PM-PRANAM

Next is PM-PRANAM, India lo chala manchi farming land undhi, farming cheyatam kosam Indian government states ni and states farmers ni alternative fertilizers ni use cheyamani encourage chesthondhi. Manaki telisina okka vhishyam yenti antey, farmers lo yekkuva percent people small scale farmers, vellaki fertilizers and urea konatam ibbandi ayipothundhi, konali antey government subsidy lu prarambhinchali daniki acapital yekkuva avasaram. Yentha avasaram antey, oka farmer subsidy lo urea konali antey minimum 6000 rupees per ton karchu pettali adhe dani original price chusarante 17000 per ton. Ah renditi madya gap 11000, idhi per ton ki, dinni yentha mandi farmers unnaro danitho multiply chesthe chala yekkuva avuthundhi. Ee gap ni tagginchadam kosam government fertilizers kakunda inkedaina fertilizers ni like natural farming use chesarante government nunchi koddiga incentives ni pondhachu. Capital tagginchadame kakunda bhoomiki fertilizers tho kakunda natural ga paninchenduku government tisukunna initiative idhi.

GOBARdhan

Dinitho paatu GOBARdhan scheme ni kuda prarambhincharu. Dinni prarambhinchindi Jalshakthi ministry. vella moto yenti antey, okka agriculture lo ne kaadu migatha panulanu kuda cheyali ani, like biogas which can be used as fuel, dini kosam government 500 waste to wealth plants ni sthapinchindhi.

MISHTI

Government MISHTI scheme ni kuda launch chesaru, Mangrove chetla perugudhala kosam. Environment gurinchi mataladina prathisari mangrove chetla gurnchi vasthundhi, avi environment ki chaala upayogam and natural calamaties nunchi kapaduthayi kuda. Mangrove chetla kosam cop27 lo oka charcha jarigindhi, anni deshalu vaati avasaram gurinchi telusukunnayi.

Amrit Dharokar

Inkoti Amrit Dharokar, optimal usage of wetlands, neeru unde areas ni gamaninchi vaatini farming kosam use chesukovali, dini valla mana environment safe ga undhi ani telusthundhi.

Green growth lo focus cheyabadda main issues ivey.

3) Inclusive Development

Dinilo agriculture plays a main role, yenduku agriculture antey dinilo almost 45% of work force involve ayuntundhi. Adhe kakunda agriculture GDP lo kani exports lo kani yekkuva bhagam use avuthundhi.

Government of India prathisari budget lo agriculture kosam farmers ki loans ketayistharu. Last year ki 18.5 lakh crore rupees nunchi ee year budget lo 20lakh crore ki increase ayyindi. Dinni agriculture credit antaru.

Agriculture Accelerator Fund

Next is agriculture accelerator fund, mundhu ga oka economic report gurinchi mataladukundham, ah report yem chepthondhi antey, agriculture technology startups 1000 ki paiga unnayi India lo. Chala mandi ee startups lo supply chain of millets lo yekkuva palgontunnaru. Last 4 to 5 years data tisukunnam antey, more than 6000 crore rupees private equity ane peru tho ah tech startups midha invest chesaru. Ila tech startups ki funding ichinattu ga agriculture accelerator fund anedhi start chestham ani finance minister chepparu. Idhi proposal matrame, asalu ee funding uddesham agriculture technology perugalani, manaki andariki telusu agriculture technology lo India lag avuthondhi ani. Dinni marchadam kosam technology penchatam kosam ee agriculture accelerator fund.

Millets Market

India is one of the largest producers of the millets market. Motham globally tisukunnattu ayite 20% of millets market is owned by India, India lo produce cheyatame kakunda exports kuda jaruguthundhi. Asia motham lo India 60 to 70% millets ni produce chesthundhi. Indian government oka stand tisukoni India ni oka hub for millets in the global market cheyali anukuntondhi, ee scheme ki vallu pettina peru “Sree Anna”.

Finance minister veetitho paatu storage capacity ni penchataniki investments chesthamani chepparu. Chala production prathi year waste ayipothondhi, dini valla farmers ki yentho loss vasthondhi. Dini valla supply and demand lo hechu taggulu ravochu.

Matsya Sampada Yojana

Inko scheme, Matsya Sampada Yojana, launch cheyabothunnaru, diniki capital ga 6000 crore rupees istharu.

4) Youth Power

Youth kosam government of India kotha pathakalani amalu cheyali anukuntondhi. Youth ki saripada chaduvuni, skills ni ichi, vallani world lo oka major source of skilled labour ga cheyalani government chala pathakalani amalu chesaru.

Recent ga oka issue rise ayyindi, population of China taggindhi. Dini valla India ki yenti problem ani meeru anochu. Problem tho paatu advantages kuda India ki ippudu unnayi. Mana Indians yokka average age ni calculate chesthe, India lo ni yekkuva percent population working age lo unnaru. Dini valla youth yekkuva pani cheyagalaru and economy ni penchataniki yenthaina sahaya padagalaru. Yenno developed countries kanna ee vishyam lo India ki advantage undhi. Kani, yekkuva population working age lo unnantha maatrana GDP maaripothundhi ani kaadu. Danni maarchali antey oka chinna gap ni fill cheyali. Adhe skills. Okappudu skills vere, ippudu skills vere.

Pradhan mantri Kaushal vikas yojana 4.0

Ippudu youth ni skilled labour ga marchali antey kavalsina skills yenti antey AI, robotics, mechatronics etc. Ilanti skills untey India lo unna youth ni skilled person ga maarchi mana desham nunchi export cheyalani prayathnisthondhi India. India konni years nunchi ee skill program ni continue chesthondhi. Prathisari government ee skills lo oka adugu mundhe undela chusukovatam deshaniki chala manchidhi. Andhu kosame government of India “Pradhan mantri Kaushal vikas yojana 4.0” prarambhinchindhi.

Skill India digital platform

Danitho paatu “skill India digital platform”, ee platform main theme kuda Indian youth ni skilled ga maarchatam and skilled people ki aardhika sahayam chesi vallani entrepreneurs ga marchadam.

Tourisim ni kuda penchali ani P.M Modi chala chotla mataladuthu vacharu. Ee pandemic valla yekkuva ga affect ayina oka platform yenti antey tourism maatrame. Dini valla chala mandiki upadhi lekunda poindi, like drivers, tourist guides, local shop owners near tourist spots. Anduke India tourism lo initiative tisukundhi. 50 destinations to be selected and developed. India lo deserts, wetlands, beaches and snow undey lands kuda unnayi, ilanti places ni develop chesthe GDP ki chala upayogam.

One District – One Product

Government nunchi vachina oka manchi initiative yenti antey, setting up unity malls in state capitals. Dinilo oka interesting vishyam yenti antey, oka product midha focus cheyatam kosam, ODOP (One district one product) ane padhathini launch chesaru, ah district vallaki unna skills nunchi oka product ni tisukoni government danni promote chesthundhi, idhi konni years kritam start chesaru. Ee pani ki inkoddiga help cheyataniki state capitals lo malls kattistham antunnaru government. Ila kattinchadam valla ah product akkadiki vachi explore chesi konachu ani.

Veeti anniti nunchi government yem cheppadaluchukundhante ila cheyatam valla jobs yekkuva avuthayi. Andariki jobs untayi, mana population lo youth yekkuva mandi unnaru ani cheppukovatam easy ye kani valla andariki jobs unnayi ani cheppatam kashtam. Ee initiatives valla andariki jobs vuntayi ane udhesam tho government ee initiatives tisukuntondhi.

Affordable Health for All

Recent times gurinchi telisinadhe, pandemic. Ee time lo mana India ne kakunda anni deshalu valla health care budget ni malli malli pariseelinchukunnaru. Indian government ee point kosam health expenditure ni 2.1% of GDP ni ivvali ani fix chesaru. Interesting part yenti antey pandemic appudu health expenditure increase ayyindi kani ah taruwata years lo decrease ayyindi, kani government of India, maku ippatiki telisindhi health care sector ki expenditure yekkuvey undali ani antondhi. Mana population and valla per capita income ni consider chesthe, chala mandi private sector lo health kosam karchu pettaleru. Alanti samayallo ee badyatha government tisukoni ah people ki help cheyali. Anduke health care budget ni penchamu ani government of India cheppindi.

Ee vishayanni rendu vidhaluga tisukovachu, okati 2.1% of GDP antey manchidi ani cheppukovachu kani ithara deshalatho compare chesukunte, like Israel, south korea tho, vallu 4% of GDP ni health care kosame karchu chestharu. 2.1% kuda takkuva yemi kaadu, valla initiative kuda manchidhe.

Government “sickle cell anemia elimination mission” ni kuda start chesindhi. Vallu yem annaru antey, ee vyadhi ni 2047 loga eliminate chestham annaru. Ila chaala diseases ni eliminate cheyali ani government cheppindi, vaatiloki ihi kuda add avuthundhi.

Dinitho paatu 157 new nursing colleges ni kuda yerpatu cheyabothunnaru. Dinilo interesting point yenti antey, India is net exporter of health care workers, doctors maatrame kakunda nurses kuda chala mandi India nunchi ithara deshalaku velli pani chese valle. Government of India ee vishyanni realize ayyi ee nursing colleges prarambhinchali ani nirnayam tisukundhi.

ICMR labs prarambhinchabothondhi, eesari private medical research tho kalisi, dinitho paatu pharmaceuticals lo research penchataniki yenno programs rabothunnayi. Manam discuss chesinattu China nunchi raw materials ni import chesukuntunnam, ee imports ni tagginchataniki government of India tisukunna initiative idhi.

Journey to India @100

Idhi manaki chaala dhooram lo undhi kani government of India mundhu ganey announce chesaru. India yokka 100 years of independence gurinchi ee part budget lo mention chesaru. 2047 chaala dhooram lo undachu kani ah year chala important year because India ki independence vachi 100 years avuthundhi.

Ah 2047 kosam government chala plan chesindhi, sickle cell anemia lantivi chala unnayi. Ivey kakunda government of India women yokka pramukyatha ni telusukundhi. Mana republic parade lo kuda theme of Nari Shakti was the highlight. Economy ki boost ivvali antey danilo women kuda oka part ayyundali ani government anukoni, “economic empowerment of women” anedhi modhalu petti danilo women ki skills nerpinchadam tho paatu vallani entrepreneurs ni cheyali anukuntunnaru.

PM Vishwakarma Kaushal samman, mana desham lo unna traditional artisans ki financial support mana traditional art ni tayaru chese valla sankya penchali anukuntunnaru. Dini valla Indian products ki value peruguthundhi, danitho Indian GDP and economy improve aye chances unnayi.

India lo tourism ni improve cheyataniki recent years lo tier-2 and tier-3 cities lo airports start chesaru. Idhi oka manchi nirnayam ani cheppukovachu. Ippudu ah cities lo attractive places untey, now we have direct connection with the city.

5) Unleashing the Potential

Kontha mandi business persons and konni institutions agencies kani inkedaina person daggaraku velli konni surveys adugutharu, ee surveys lo rise aye oka point yenti antey, business ye issues lekunda jaragali antey government sahayam undali. Veeti kosam government eesari budget lo konni changes chesindhi.

“Ease of doing business”, 39000 compliances have been reduced and 3400 have been decriminalized. Business cheyataniki follow avvalsina rules and regulations lo nunchi 39000 compliances ni reduce chesaru, dani tho paatu 3400 regulations ni decriminalize chesaru, antey chinna chinna mistakes ki criminal ani mudra veyakunda, fine/penalty tho saripedutharu ani antunnaru. business cheyatanni koddiga sulabhaparusthunnaru.

Production of lab grown diamonds, mana andarilo diamonds antey nachani vallu undaru. Mana earth crust lo diamonds dorakatam taggipothondhi, dini valla artificial ga diamonds tayaru chese trend start ayyindhi ithara countries lo, mana Indian government ee diamonds tayari vidhananni promote cheyataniki custom duties ni taggistham ani chepthondhi. Ila cheyatam valla Indian economy ki kuda upayogam.

6) Reaching the Last Mile

Dini midha government cheppina oka line, “no one to be left behind”. India yekkuva population unna country, ee desham lo unna prathi okkariki government help kavali. Anni tribes ki and andaru backward people kosam chesina ee prayathname ee reaching the last mile.

Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group

Pradhan Mantri PVTG (particularly vulnerable tribal group) development mission, tribal people kosam ee pathakanni start chesaru, vallaki andaritho paatu ga chaduvu andajeyatam kosam ye ee prayathnam.

Karnataka loni karuvu pranthalaki micro irrigation facilities kosam financial assistance mi provide cheyabothunnaru. yenduku Karnataka maatrame, yenduku migatha states ni mention cheyaledhu antey. Idhi trail maatrame, mundhu ga oka state lo start chesi adhi successful ga work ayite appudu migatha parts of India lo try chestharu.

Tribals kosam yerpatu cheyabadda 740 “eklavya schools” 38800 more teachers ni appoint cheyabothunnaru.

Free food grains to all antyodaya, pandemic lo start chesina ee pani ni inka konasaginchabothunnaru.

Bharat SHRI

Bharath SHRI, digitalization of ancient inscriptions, manaki telisina vishayam yenti antey tribals yevaritho kalavaru, vallaki separate food culture, medicines and a lots more untayi, vaati annitini sekarinchi vaatini digitalize cheyali ani anukuntunnaru. Migatha valla andariki kuda ee knowledge teliyataniki ee scheme ni start chesaru.

PM Awas Yojana

PM Awas Yojana, government of India prathi okkariki valla sontha illu undali aney udhesam tho ee karyakramanni chepattindhi, indhulo budget ni 66% ki penchindhi. Recent years lo Indian government chala panulu chesindhi ee karyakramanni cheyataniki. Like subsidy on home loans, interest rates tagginchatam lantivi.

Government of India ee year budget tho tana aalochanalni and unna problems ni focus chesi cheppindhi. Ikkada manam telusukovalsina mukyamaina vishyam yenti antey, ippudu cheppina budget list motham proposals maatrame. Cheppinavi anni chesthara leka cheyagalara anedhi yevvaru cheppaleru. Konni jarugachu konni jarugalevu. Asalu konni implement cheyagalara anedhi kachitamga cheppalem.

7) Financial Sector

Finance minister yem chepparante, customers ni kapadatam kosam konni amendments jaruguthayi, banking regulation act of 1949, RBI act of 1934 lanti vaatilo amendments jaruguthayi. Yenduku antey customers ki banking sector midha nammakam pokunda. Dinitho paatu manufacturing sector and services sector ki connect aye oka point chepparu.

Credit Guaranteed Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises

CGTMSE revamped, Credit Guaranteed Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises. Asalu credit guaranteed trust antey yenti, miru oka chinna vyapari anukondi, miku capital kosam bank ki vellinappudu, vallu check chesedhi mee earnings. Takkuva ga untayi, dinitho paatu pedda business tho polchukunte international market lo kani domestic market lo kani miku risk yekkuva. Dini valla banks chinna vyaparulaki capital ivvatam risk ani anukuntaru.

Indhukosam government ee scheme ni start chesaru, government oka trust fund ni start chestharu, dini valla banks ki ledha yedaina financial institution ki ee chinna vyaparula midha oka trust vasthundhi, ee trust fund kuda andariki labhinchaka povachu kani kontha satham mandiki ayina upayoga paduthundhi ga. Dabbulu vyaparulu ivvalekapothe ee trust fund lo nunchi reimburse chestharu. Ila cheyatam valla chinna vyaparulaki iche loans midha interst rates tagguthayi. Dabbulu government reimburse chesina cheyakapoina, chesthanu ani cheppatam valla banks ki risk margin tagguthundhi. Risk taggatam valla micro and small enterprises ki loans vasthayi.

Ee CGTMSE scheme kothadhi kaadu, inthaka mundhu nunchi undhi kani dinilo konni improvements chesi, ee year budget lo diniki 9000crore rupees ni allocate chestham ani chepparu. dini valla micro and small enterprises ki kuda loans issue avuthayi ani guarantee undhi.

Taxation

Tax exemption for startups extended by one more year, asalu startup company ani cheppukovali antey oka registration anedhi jarigi undali, kani finance minister ee tax exemption tenure ni gatha konni years ga penchukuntu vasthondhi. Diniki todu eesari budget lo malli inko year penchidhi. It is a 100% tax exemption.

Presumptive taxation for MSME’s is increased, presumptive taxation antey, mana budget and mana returns ni base chesukoni daniki taggattu tax ni pay cheyatam. Mana accounts ni chupinchi, ah accounts ki taginantha tax ni kaduthunnamu ani government ki prove chesukovali, generally presumptive tax rates will be 6% to some and 8% to some of them. Kani ippudu finance minister yem chepthunnaru antey, presumptive taxation limit will be increased. Antey 2crore revenue nunchi 3 crore revenue ki increase ayyindhi, so many MSME’s can have presumptive taxation.

Cooperatives, okavela veellu next one year lo manufacturing kana start chesthe vallaki lower tax rates varthisthayi. i.e., 15% tax.

Agniveer Funds

EEE status to Agniveer funds. Yevaraina agniveer ga select ayite, valla salary nunchi kontha bhagam agniveer funds loki cheruthundhi. Ilantivi chesetappudu tax kindaki vesukuntama ani miku doubt ravachu. Ivi tax kindaki raavu, it will all be exempted.

Ee schemes valla, government next year ki expect chese tax amount will be, 35000 crore rupees.

Personal IT Regime

New personal IT regime, intake mundhu unna tax system ni koddiga modify chesaru, intake mundhu mee income upto 5lakh rupees untey tax rebate chesukovachu, danni ippudu 7lakh daka maarcharu.  Mee income 0-3 lakh untey no tax, 3-6 lakh ayite 5% tax, 6-9 lakh ayite 10% tax, 9-12 lakh ayite 15%, 12.5-15 lakh ayite 20% and above 15lakh ayite 30% tax.

Expenditure & Revenue

Total government expenditure for this year will be around 45,03,097 crore rupees. highest spent on interest. Interest antey yento kaadu, intake mundhu tisukunna loans yokka interest.

Ye government ki ayina revenue should be greater than the expenditure, India last year revenue ni compare chesthe, it need more than 17.8 lakh crore rupees for this year estimated budget.

Government intha dabbu ni yekkada nunchi tisukosthundhi anu anukunte, 58% of money for the budget previous year taxes nunchi vasthundhu, migatha money lo 34% to 36% appu ga tisukuntundhi. Migatha 8% to 6% other sources nunchi vasthundhi.

Government expenditure lo more than 20% inthaka mundhu tisukunna appu ki interest payment kosam pothundhi.

Distribution to States

15th Finance Commission chesina recommendation prakaram states ki 41% distribute chesaru. Adi ee vidhanga chesaru.

Conclusion

Inflation and recession not only in India and other developed countries, Russia-Ukaraine war, pandemic in China, rising CAD and trade deficit. Ee nalugu manaki concerns ga unnayi, ee nalugu valla economy debba tintundhi. Manam Russia vaipu unnama leka Ukraine vaipu unnama anedhi point kaadu, ee war jaruguthunnantha varaku economy debba tintundhi.

Inflation and recession, China pandemic, rising CAD and trade deficit, ee nalugutilo yedi ayina Indian economy ni debba teeyagalavu. Mata varasaku ee nalugu samasyalu peddavi kaavu ani anukunte, konni favours India ki jaruguthunnayi, veeti valla Indian economy bagu pade chances unnayi. Avi yenti antey, chala deshalu China plus one aney starategy ni amalu chesukunnaru, okka desham midha ne depend avvakunda migatha countries midha kuda depend avvali ani start chesaru. Ah countries lo India andarikanna yekkuva hope ni isthunnaru. IMF stated that most of the growth will come from India as well as China.

Inflation concern ayundachu kani adhi ippudu slow avuthondhi. Core inflation perugatam ledhu. And rising CAD and trade deficit gurinchi tisukunte, world bank nunchi vachina report tisukunte, India is going to receive 100billion dollars in the form of remittance. Ila prathi okkati concern ye kani, prathi okka concern ki oka limit undhi. Ah limit ni maintain chesthe India will continue to live like a bright spot in the global market.

Thank you for reading. Please leave a review!

Also read Executive vs Judiciary – The Ongoing War!

Checkout Basic Structure of Indian Constitution – Kesavananda Bharati Case, Explained!

The post Union Budget 2023-24 : Explained! appeared first on So Called Happenings.

Recent ga Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankhar matladuthu ee case and basic structure ni question chesaru. Idi chala mandini shock ki guri chesindi. Already continuous ga Government Judiciary ni criticize chesthune undi. Ipudu kotthaga ee amsham kuda add ayindi.

Government and Judiciary madhya problem artham kavali ante, ee article chadavandi Executive vs Judiciary – The Ongoing War!

Ika asalu vishayaniki velthe, asalu enduku ee Basic structure doctrine ki India lo intha importance and respect undi? Ee article lo telusukundam.

50 years of Basic Structure

Ee April 2023 ki 50 years kabothondhi, keshvanandha Bharathi case of 1973. Ee case lo supreme court doctrine of basic structure ni start chesaru. Basic structure doctrine anedi government nunchi kani, parliament nunchi kani constitution midha ye attack jarugakunda aapenduku chesaru. Amendments chese power ni tagginchenduku, oka limit lo pettenduku chesina doctrine idhi. Ade Basic structure doctrine.

Why is it in the news now?

Ee case ee year ki 50 years complete cheskuntondi anedi oka reason aythe, recent ga Vice President deenni question cheyadam pedda reason ga cheppochu. Vice president of india, jagdeep dhankhar(by being vice president of India, the person becomes ex official chairperson of rajya sabha) he is the chairman of the rajyasabha. First time Rajya Sabha meet ki velladu. Appudu aayana basic structure ni question chesadu. Collegium system gurinchi, danilo unna flaws gurinchi mataladaru. Judiciary system ni danilo unna collegium system ni takkuva chesi mataladaru, anthatitho aagakunda Kesavananda Bharathi case dwara chesina basic structure ni thappu pattaru.

Ghatha 50 years lo chala mandi experts and government officials kuda basic structure doctrine goppathanam gurinchi telusukunnaru, vyathirekinche matalade vallu kuda kontha time ki daani goppathanam ardam chesukunnaru. Alanti oka structure ni one of the senior, president taruwata vyakthi ila danni question chesthunnaru. Ila attack cheyatam valla constitution ki chaala pramadham. Judiciary system ni direct ga attack cheyatam tho paatu, Basic structure ni takkuva chesi mataladuthunnaru.

What is Basic Structure?

Mundhu basic structure doctrine gurinchi telusukundham. Asalu Basic structure doctrine gurinchi constitution lo ledhu. Basic structure anedhi supreme court rulings dwara evolve ayyindi. 1973 lo jarigina Kesavananda Bharathi case dwara idhi start ayyindi. Appati nunchi asalu basic structure antey yenti anedhi evolve avuthu vachindi. Asalu basic structure antey, modhati nunchi konni basic foundation features constitution chesina frame chesina mana founding fathers minds lo unnavi. Like India should be a democracy, Secularism,etc. Vaatini touch cheyatm kani, amend cheyatam kani jarugavu. Yendukante mana Indian democracy motham vaati midha ne aadhara padi undhi. Okavela government vaatini amend cheyatm modhalu pedithe, adhi collapse of democracy ki daari teesthundhi.

Supreme court ah foundation pillars ni identify chesindhi, Constitution cheyataniki gala karanalu, oka vision tho chesina konni chattalu, ilanti vaatini maarchakudadhu ani cheppedhe ee basic structure doctrine.

keshvananda Bharathi case lo, 13-judged bench kalisi ee verdict ni pass chesaru, ee basic foundation pillars ni parliament amendments cheyatam kudaradhu. Article 368 says that parliament ki amendments chese right undhi. Kaani Supreme court ichina ruling prakaram, ee basic structure ni maatram touch chese arhatha ledhu because ivi constitution yokka main principles. Ivi lenidhe constitution ledhu. Alanti vaatini change cheyataniki parliament ki arhatha ledhu ani cheppindi.

Deeni importance telusukovadaniki oka best example, oka ruling Government absolute majority lo undi Constitution ni amend chesi India ni Democracy nunchi Dictatorship chesthe? Republic nunchi vere country ki mana country ni appagisthe? Secularism nunchi Religious Nation ga maaristhe? Ivanni chala pramadam aynavi. Rajyangam rastunnapudu India ni ela imagine cheskunnaro, aa principles ni ee basic structure kaapaduthundi.

Yedaina law, ee basic structure ni damage chesedhi ga undhi ani supreme court ki anipisthe, the Supreme Court can declare it unconstitutional. Constitution ki viruddhan ga undhi ani kotteyochu.

Why everyone follows & respects it?

Ee doctrine constitution lo lekapoina sare chala mandi constitutional experts ee basic structure doctrine ni accept chesthunnaru. Government officials kuda ee basic structure ni angikarinchevallu. 1970’s tough period for india, appati government ki judiciary system ki kuda ippati laga godavalu jaruguthunnayi, kani ah time lo ilanti bill pass chesaru. Indira Gandhi kuda independence of judicial system ni aapali ani prayathninchindhi. Appudu judiciary system oka line geesi, parliament ki kaani government ki kaani powers anevi limited ani cheppindi. Basic structure  ni meeru change cheyakudadhu. Majority of people vote chesaru ani ah government ki nachindhi chesthanu antey kudaradhu. Democracy lo ila jarugadhu. Veeti nunchi kapadataniki supreme court basic structure doctrine ni srushtinchindhi.

Parliament nunchi vachina ye amendment ayina okavela basic structure ni debba teese la untey supreme court has authority to declare it as unconstitutional. Constitution ni kapadataniki ee basic structure mukhyam. Basic structure is the principle of the constitution. Foundation fathers yokka collective vision, set of principles which gives constitution an identity and distinct ideals tho nindi undhi mana constitution.

What comes under Basic Structure?

Oka example tisukundham. India ni parliament system nunchi presidential system ki change chese oka amendment ni tisukuravocha…kudaradhu, yendukante adhi one of the core features ni debba teesthundhi. Manam Westminister parliamentary model ni use chesthunnam, dinilo part of the elected legislature goes on to form the executive. This is British parliamentary model. Dinni yenduku amend cheyalem, because this is part of the basic structure of the constitution and cannot be changed.

India ni mothanni democratic nunchi dictatorship ki tisukoche amendment cheyagalama…no yendukante, part of basic structure is rule of law. India is secular country, dinni marchalem. Alage motham government and parliament kalisi oka religion ni adapt chesukomante kudhuruthundha…no. okavela ila jarigithe that will be the last day for Indian constitution, yendukante constitution midha government or parliament tana supremacy ni pettindhi ani chupisthondhi. Anduke supreme court ee basic structure doctrine ni pass chesindhi. Doctrine of separation of powers, independent judiciary and separate jurisdiction for states ilanti vaati midha yedaina amendment vasthe, that will be breaking down the basic structure doctrine, according to supreme court.

Basic Structure constitutes of:

1. Supremacy of the Constitution
2. Unity and sovereignty of India
3. Democratic and republican form of government
4. Federal character of the Constitution
5. Secular character of the Constitution
6. Separation of power
7. Individual freedom

Alage tarvatha years lo ee Basic structure evolve avtunna koddi add ayinavi:

1. Rule of law
2. Judicial review
3. Parliamentary system
4. Rule of equality
5. Harmony and balance between the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy
6. Free and fair elections
7. Limited power of the parliament to amend the Constitution
8. Power of the Supreme Court of India under Articles 32, 136, 142 and 147
9. Power of the High Court under Articles 226 and 227

Evolution of Basic Structure

Overall ga chala different judgements lo ee Basic Structure doctrine evolve ayindi. Aa judgements:

1. Shankari Prasad Case (1951)
2. Sajjan Singh case (1965)
3. Golaknath case (1967)
4. Kesavananda Bharati case (1973)
5. Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain case (1975)
6. Minerva Mills case (1980)
7. Waman Rao Case (1981)
8. Indra Sawhney and Union of India (1992)
9. S.R. Bommai case (1994)

Minerva mills vs union of india 1980 case lo basic structure inka balam ga evolve ayyindi. Ee case lo parliament kuda constitution lo oka bhagam ye ani court cheppindi. Parliament puttindhe constitution nunchi. Repu yeppudaina parliament article 368 (to make amendments to Constitution) ni upayoginchukoni motham constitution basic structure ni change cheyocha…no. Okavela ala chesthe constitution kanna supremacy parliament ki untundhi. That will be the death of democracy. Constitution should be on top of everything in a democracy.

Inko observation yenti antey, keshvananda Bharathi case lo justice H.R.Khanna, oka manchi argument ni icharu. Yenti antey, ‘amendment’ antey yenti, dictionary lo amendment antey ‘a minor change or making a small change to improve’. He said, article 368 parliament ni chinna chinna changes chesenduku undhi kani motham basic structure ni change chesendhuku kaadu. Article 368 ni use chesukoni oka state ni create cheyochu kani motham parliament system ni change cheyatam, ledha india ni Theological ga change cheyatam kani  kudaradhu.

Criticism

Diniki counter argument ga, inni rules and amendments chesina Supreme Court mathram collegium system lantidhi use chesthu, government and parliament iche decisions ni yenduku kaadu antondhi, idhi violation of basic structure kaadu antara? Chala mandi experts yem antunnaru antey, supreme court amendments strike out chesthondhi unconstitutional ani reason cheppi, kani supreme court mathram tanaki tanu collegium system dwara appoint chesukuntondhi… Idhe na democracy antey. Idhi kuda basic structure ki virudham kaada?

Judicial Overreach chesi Supreme court kuda above Parliament la behave cheyadam leda? Idi kuda violation eh kadaa.

Conclusion

Dr.Sudhir Krishnaswamy says, in his book ‘democracy and constitutionalism in India’, that you cannot question basic structure doctrine but you can question it’s interpretation. Supreme court konni flaws chesundachu but the vice president of India questioned the basic structure itself. Constitution kinda pani chese vyakthi adhe constitution ni question cheyakudahu. Vice president chesindhi adhe. Ide Vice President monnati varaku Bengal Governor ga unnapudu, Governor padavi perutho democratically elected government ni chala ibbandhi pettadu. Ipude ide vyakthi Democratically elected Parliament Supreme court kante ekkuva important and pai cheyi undali executive ki over Judiciary antunnaru.

To understand this article better, read Executive vs Judiciary – The Ongoing War!

Also read Anti Defection Law

The post Basic Structure of Indian Constitution – Kesavananda Bharati Case, Explained! appeared first on So Called Happenings.

Ee article government and judiciary system madyalo jarige gharshana gurinchi explain chesthu raasindhi. Ghatha konni nelala nundi Supreme court ki sambandhinchina “collegium system” gurinchi ee gharshanalu jaruguthunnayi. Ee vishayanni discussion loki tisukuvachindhi union law minister “Kiren Rijiju”.

collegium system antey: The chief justice of india along with four senior-most supreme court judges recommend appointments and transfer of judges.

Where did it start?

2015 ki velthe…Ila vallalo valle appoint chesukune padhathini teeseyali ani government anukoni Government 2015 lo oka constitutational amendment ni chesindi. Ah amendment lo judges appointment kosam “NJAC-National Judicial Appointment Commission” ni erpaatu chesaru. Ee amendment lo a mixed party of officials. Judiciary officials, chief justice and senior judges tho paatu executive and legislative member kuda undali ani. So Government ki kuda hakku untundi. Kani supreme court daniki angikarinchaledhu. Ila parliament lo oka amendment pass chesthe supreme court danni unconstitutional ga pariganinchi danni kotti vesindhi.

Ee 2015 act base chesukoni government including vice president and Kiren Rijiju judiciary system ni target chesi aduguthunnaru. Parliament lo pass ayina oka constitutional amendment ni yela meeru kotti veyagalaru, idhi democracy laga anipinchatledhu, yennuko badda valla chetha pass avvabadina oka law ni meeru yela kotti veyagalaru. Dini midha prasnisthu Kiren Rijiju oka maata annaru “collegium system is opaque and unaccountable”. Collegium system lo yem jaruguthondho migatha vallaki teliyatledhu, yela yennukuntunnaru ani yevariki samadhanalu kuda cheppatledhu. Kani judiciary system tanadhi thappu ledhani antondhi. Ee judicial independence anedhi constitution ki one of the basic structures. Ee judicial independence undali antu defend chesukuntondhi.

Nijanga Parliament ki ee supremacy unda? Leda Judiciary ki unda? Asalu ee Legislative (manam ennukunna vallu/laws thayaru chese vallu , e.g.: MLA/MP), Executive (Laws execute chese vallu, e.g.: Ministers), Judiciary (Law correct ga follow ayyela chuse vallu, e.g.: Courts) ki elanti powers unnay?

Separation of Powers

Ee issue gurinchi inka detailed ga ardam avvali antey mundhu ga manaki konni concepts telisi undali. One of the concept is separation of powers, i,e triaspolitica model by Montesquieu. Ye democratic country lo ayina powers three ga divide ayi untayi. Avi, LEGISLATURE, JUDICIARY and EXECUTIVE. Montesquieu yem cheppadu antey, ye democratic country lo ayina ee three pillars ki powers equal and separate ga undali, antey balance of power is must and alaney okari vishayallo lo inkokaru interfere avvakudadhu. Alage oka branch control thappakunda maro rendu branches check cheyali. Mana Indian constitution lo kuda ee model ne teeskunnaru.

How Judges Appointment process evolved?

Ila powers ni separate chesukunna taruwata asalu judges yela appoint cheyabadutharu ani telusukundham. Indian constitution lo judges ni appoint cheyataniki two articles unnay. Article124 and Article217

Ee rendu articles lo unnadhi yenti antey high courts and supreme couts ki judge ni appoint chese adhikaaram president ki untundhi. President judge ni appoint chesetappudu athaniki sahayam cheyataniki council of ministers untaru, kani vallu cheppina vallane select cheyali ani ledhu. 1980’s varaku council of ministers chethilo kuda power undedhi kani ah taruwata konni cases lo vadhanalu vini supreme court ee collegium system ni yerpatu chesindhi. 1980’s nunchi 1990’s madyalo jarigina konni cases aadharam ga tisukoni, “the three judges” cases ani peru vachina cases, veetini base chesukoni judiciary system tanaki tanu ga ee collegium system ni yerpatu chesukundhi.

Supreme court lo judges ni appoint cheyali antey, the chief justice and naluguru senior most judges cherchinchukoni decide chestharu, alagey oka high court lo appoint cheyalanna leka transfer cheyalanna the chief justice of the respective high court and iddaru senior most judges kalisi nirnayistharu. Ee collegium system ki oka process antu yemi ledhu, yevarini yela select chesthunnaru ani cheppenduku oka pattern ledhu. Andhuvalla chala mandi deenini oppukovatledhu. Deeni midha chala vimarsalu kuda yerpaddayi.

What is Judiciary’s stand?

Ee vishayala midha judiciary system ichina samadhanam yenti antey, ila untey ne government nunchi judiciary system ni kapadukovachu. Okavela government ki power untey judiciary system ni manipulate cheyochu, ruiling party vallu vallaki nachina vyakthi ni judge ga pettukovachu, nachani vyakthini teeseyochu. Ila jarigithe judiciary system ni control chesinattu avuthundhi. Control cheyatam valla democracy ane padhaniki ardam lekunda pothundhi, like tiaspolitica lo cheppinattu executive should not interfere with judiciary. Constitution lo cheppinattu ye okkatti migatha renditi vishayallo tala dhoorchakudadhu.

The Conflict – Executive vs Judiciary

Ippudu ikkada godava collegium system tappu ani government and NJAC tappu ani judiciary system.

Government ki judges ni appoint chese adhi kaaram undhi kani yevarini appoint cheyali anedhi collegium system decide chesthundhi,collegium system veellani appoint cheyamani chepthe vallani government appoint cheyali. Kani NJAC ni pass cheyaledhu aney kaaranam tho government ee appointments ni 2015 nunchi delay chesthondhi. Okavela government veellu kaadu inkokarini appoint cheyandi ani ah names ni tirigi pampina sare, collegium system tirigi avey names ni pampithe, government tappakunda vallaney appoint cheyali. Government ki vere vallani appoint cheyamani cheppe avakasam okkasari maathreme undhi, andhuvalla government ah names ni chudataniki pettukovalsina appointment ni delay chesthunnaru. Ila delay cheyataniki intha time ye undhi ani rule yemi ledhu, government yeppudu kavalante appati varaku delay cheyochu. Ila 2015 nunchi government delay chesthondhi, government ki yenduku delay chesthunnaru ani reason kuda avasaram ledhu.

Collegium system sarrigga pani cheyatam ledhu ani cheppatam kosam government ila chesthondhi. Gatha 1 and a half to 2 years nunchi top government leaders and law minister kuda judiciary system sarigga pani cheyatam ledhu ani public lo chepthunnaru.

Ee madya kalam lo ee samasya gurinchi. Kiren rijiju the chief justice of india ki letter raasi cheppadu. Executive should be given a role in the appointment process. Collegium system lo government representative undali ani letter rasadu. Union government representatives in the supreme court collegium and state government representative in the high court collegium, ala chesthe government ki judicial lo kuda power unnattey.

The Analysis

Ikkada rendu points valid ye, direct ga judiciary system lo ki government involve avvali anatam wrong alagey collegium system lo kuda flaw undhi. Vere deshalatho compare chesukunte, yekkada kuda judges ni vallaki valley appoint chesukoru. Ikkada oka point midha iddaru angikarinchachu. Collegium system ni update cheyali, chesi inkoddhiga open ga unchali kani asalu question yenti antey ikkada government involvement ivvali ah leka vaddu ah?

Last 1and a half to 2 years consider chesthe government judicial system mothanni takkuva chesi mataladuthondhi. Judicial system cheppindi correct ye, basic structure debba tinakunda, i,e  executive involvement lekunda government inko proposal tisukoni vachundachu. NJAC tappu ani judiciary system cheppindi kani government inko proposal tisuku rakudadhu ani cheppaledhu.

Ila government delay cheyatam valla direct ga judiciary system midha attack prakatinchi nattey. Judiciary system nunchi vachina names ni consider cheyaunda ah appointments ni delay chesthe motham judiciary system ni takkuva chesinatte. Ee country ki yevaru judge ga undalo anedhi government decide cheyali anukuntondhi, anduke ila direct ga attack chesthunnaru anedi major opinion.

Finally, yentha judiciary system independent ga undali anukunna ee collegium system democratic country ayina india lo oka best example ani cheppukolem. Government ki danni tappu ani cheppatam kuda correct, kani ee padhathilo kaadu. Government inko amendment ni yenduku pass cheyakudadhu, ila direct ga judicial system ni attack cheyakunda. Ide maata Supreme court kuda cheppindi. Endukante, 2015 lo Supreme court ichina judgement is binding on the Supreme court as well. Supreme court iche judgements anni courts and institutions tho paatu Supreme court kuda aa judegement ki kattubadi undali. So only way is Government inko new Amendment teeskuravali instead of attacking the Judiciary.

Ala ani manam direct ga velli government dhi tappu ani cheppalem, both sides of arguments ni appreciate cheyali.

Conclusion

Judiciary Collegium system lo flaws unnayi, reforms cheyali judiciary system lo ani constitutional experts kuda agree chestharu , marpulu jaragali ani oppinchali and alage government kuda ila direct ga attack cheyatam tappu, two or more amendments chesi inko bill ni pass cheyali, iddariki saripoyela oka padhathi tisuku ravali. Antey kani ila direct ga attack cheyakudadhu.

Oka padhathi kavali, yelantidhi antey ye okka organ ki upper hand undakudadhu. Like legislative keeps judiciary and executive under check, judiciary keeps legislative and executive under check and executive keeps legislative and judiciary under check. Asalu overlapping anedhi jarugakunda undadhu kani danni control lo unchali. okavela yedaina oka organ power migatha renditi kanna yekkuva kavali ani anukunte that will lead to the destruction of democracy.

Thank you for reading. We are coming up with more such interesting articles soon!!

Also read Anti Defection Law

Also read Are UPA Oil Bonds responsible for high fuel prices?

The post Executive vs Judiciary – The Ongoing War! appeared first on So Called Happenings.

Periods lo em use cheyalo chuse mundu, asalu periods ela vasthayi, enduku vasthayi, body lo jarige process enti lanti vishayalani telusukovali ani unte mundu gaa ee article chadavandi.

Coming back to present topic, so ippudu periods messy avvakunda chudataniki elanti period supplies unnayo and vati pros and cons tho saha detailed ga chuddham.

Sanitary pads

The first and mostly used option ‘sanitary pads’. Chala mandi periods appudu opt chesukune safe most product ee sanitary pads/ sanitary napkins. Ivi easy to use eh kadhu plus affordable kuda. Just aah sanitary pad ki undey sticky part ni panty ki attach chesi normal ga use cheyacchu. And every 4-6 hours ki pads change chesthu undali. Because ee pads anevi harmful chemicals tho tayaru chesevvu. Deeni valla bad odor ni prevent cheyadame kadhu, accidental leaks ni kuda prevent cheyacchu.

Manam chusthu untam chala mandi ammayilu pads meedhey rely avthunaru. But long run lo ee chemical plus plastic pads use cheyadam valla kevalam environment ke kadhu human body ki kuda manchidhi kadhu.

Pros of sanitary pads:

• Pads use cheyadam chala easy. Just veetini panty ki attach chesthe chalu. And extra pads kavali ante easy ga carry kuda cheyacchu.
• Pads disposal kuda easy. Just oka normal paper or waste cover lo wrap chesi padeyacchu. And antha messy kuda kadhu
• Pads lo unde inkoka advantage adhi vacche sizes. Mana flow ni batti manam pad ni choose cheskovacchu. High, moderate, low flow ni batti edaina pad ni use cheskovacchu.
• Ee pads manaki easy ga ekkadina dorukuthayi.

Cons of sanitary pads:

• Every 4-6 hours change chesthu undali, sometimes leaks and stains avthu untayi
• Sometimes ee chemicals unna pads valla rashes, allergies vacchey chances unnayi
• Alage indulo vaade fragrances period blood tho kalisinappudu oka rakamaina bad odour vasthundi
• Pads valla produce ayye waste chala ekkuva. It is estimated that oka ammay thana whole life lo 10,000 pads ni use chesthundi. Ante entha plastic wastage avthundo imagine chesukovacchu.
• Oka average period ki 12-15 pads use cheyali which might cost around Rs.150-200 so basic math chesthey year ki around Rs.1800-2400 karchu avthundi which is quite expensive.
• Plus ee synthetic and plastic pads valla health ki vacchey danger chala ekkuva

Inni toxic chemicals unna sanitary pads vadakudadhu ante elaga ani chala mandiki doubt ravacchu. But dhanikosame manaki sanitary pads lo ne chala safe options unnay. Avey biodegradable pads. Ee biodegradable pads general ga natural fibres tho tayaru chestharu. Like bamboo, corn, cotton and banana. So obvious ga harmful chemicals ni ignore chesthunnam. Of course veetilo kuda adhesives untayi but antha harmful aithe kadhu.

Reusable pads

Another great option for tackling periods! Actually pads ki replace cheyagalige period products emaina unnayi ante adhi ee reusable pads. Ivi regular pads lagane untayi. But the only difference is veetini malli manam wash chesukuni reuse cheskovacchu. Ivi mostly cloth tho and natural ingredients tho manufacture chestharu. So etuvanti harmful chemicals undavu. And the best thing enti ante veetini okasari konte maximum 2-3 years use cheskovacchu. 

Ivi kuda regular pads lagane wings ki oka hook la untundi. Adhi panty ki set chesi regular ga use cheyacchu. Idhi kuda heavy flow unte 4-6 hours ki change chesthu undatam safer option. Ee reusable pads lo kuda flow ki tagattu ga variety of length, width pads available unnayi market lo. 

Once oka pad use ipoyaka regular disposable pads laga veetini padeyakkarledhu. Veetini wash chesi malli use cheskovacchu. Wash chesetappudu chala jagratthaga wash cheyali. Firslty tap water kinda running lo rinse cheyali. Almost blood antha clear ipothundi. Then oka mild soap tho wash cheyali. And ee mild soap lo etuvanti extra added chemicals avi undakunda chuskovali. Wash chesina tarvta same adhi inthaku mundu elanti shape lo undedho alanti regular shape lo open chesi fold cheyakunda sunlight lo dry cheyali. Idhi germs ne kadhu stains ni kuda remove cheyadam lo help chesthundi.

Pros of reusable pads:

• Ivi manam reuse chesukovacchu kabatti chala matuku wastage reduce chesinattey and environment ki kuda manam entho kontha contribute chesthunnatte
• Veetilo vaade fabric and other materials kuda safe and hygienic
• Disposable pads valla vacche rashes avi ignore cheyacchu enduku ante ee reusable pads mostly chala matuku sweat or moisture ni absorb cheskuntayi kabatti.
• Disposable pads laga veetilo etuvanti fragance undadhu. So etuvanti bad odour kuda vacchey chance ledhu.
• Most importanly ivi 2-3 years varaku reuse cheskovacchu kabatti chala money save cheyacchu

Cons of reusable pads:

• Heavy flow unnappudu prathi 2-3 hours ki pad change cheyalsi vacchinappudu sometimes ee resuable pads saripokapovacchu
• Travelling appudu and trips appudu veetini wash chesi dry cheyadam kastam avtundi.
• Inkokasari ee pad ni use cheyali ante poortiga sunlight lo dry cheyalsi vasthundi. So time padthundi.
• Washing ki kuda chala water waste avthundi plus washing time lo messy ga anipisthundi mana own hands tho wash cheyali kabatti

Period panties

Period panties recent ga popular ina period products lo idhi okati. Veetini regular panties lage veskovacchu. But twist enti ante extra ga pads or tampons evi use cheyakkarledu. Simple ga periods appudu ee panty veskunte saripotundi. Ee underwears period blood ni absorb chese type lo design chesaru.and veetini use chesaka padeyalsina avasaram ledhu. Just normal ga malli wash chesi use cheyacchu. Ee period panty tho flow batti entha sepu unchukogalam ani untundi. Mostly normal flow ithe 24 hours minchi unchakudadhu.

 Alage ee period underwear jagratthaga maintain chesi care chesthe easy ga 6 months to one year varaku last avthundi. 

Pros of period panty:

• Ivi reusable kabatti obviously environmental friendly
• Leakage or stains problems undavu unlike the regular pads.
• Travelling appudu idhi perfect option. Because every 4-6 hours ki change chesukovalsina pani undadhu.
• Regular pads kanna thinner layers laga untundi kabatti comfortable ga untundi.
• General ga pads, tampons emaina use chesinappudu leakage untundi ani bayaminappudu ee period panties valla stains undavu.
• Period eppudu vasthundo teliyani appudu safe side ki ee panties veskunte stains avthay ani or else backup pad ledhu ani tension padakkarledu

Cons of period panty:

• Ee period panties regular panties kanna costly. But one time investment for almost 2 years
• Washing appudu konchem messy ga avachu
• Bayata public lo unnapudu heavy flow unnapudu change cheskovadam kastam avvacchu.

Tampons

Tampons general ga period blood ni absorb chesukogalige kind of fabric tho tayaru chestharu. Ivi tube la untayi. Veetini vagina lo insert chestharu. Konni tampons ki applicator kuda untundi. Veeti sahayam tho insert chestharu. And ee tampons ki end lo chinna string laga untundi so that removing time lo easy ga ah string pattukuni lagocchu. Veetini insert chestappudu chala jagratthaga cheyali. Remember mee hands wash chesi neat ga undali. And once vagina lo ki insert ayyaka period blood anthatini ah tampon absorb cheskuntundi. And that’s it you are good to go. But trick and tampon ni body lo ki insert chese paddathi lo undhi. Because tampon vagina lo ki insert cheyadam konchem tricky ga undacchu.so either squat chesi or comfortable ga kurchuni knees dooram ga petti or one leg paiki petti insert cheyai.

And main thing ee tampon kuda every 4-6 hours ki change chesthu undali. Mana India lo takkuva kani US alanti countries lo ekkuvaga ee period products eh use chestharu.

Pros of tampon:

• Unlike pads once tampons alavatu aithe chala comfortable ga untundi. Adjust cheskodam, stains avvadam lanti problems undavu
• Tampons use chesthu sports and swimming kuda cheyacchu unlike pads
• Pads laga foul smell undadhu
• Every 4-6 hour ki change chesthu unte leakage bayam undadhu.

Cons of tampon:

• Every 4-6 hours ki change cheyadam kastam avvacchu. Inseritng into vagina kastam avvacchu
• And ee tampon direct body tho contact avvuthundi kabatti body toxic vulnerability ki guri ayye chances unayi. Deeni valla bacteria and yeast growth anedhi higher amounts lo undachu. So changing every 4-6 anedhi mandatory
• Konni tampons lo chemicals undatam valana ivi eco friendly kadhu
• Tampons body lo insert avvadam valla adhi fill indha ledha ani leak ayyevaraku telidu

Menstrual cups

Recent times lo popular ina period products lo okati ee menstrual cup. Ee menstrual cups basically oka chinna cup la untayi. Veetini kuda same tampon laga vagina lo ki insert cheyali. Insert chesaka blood antha ee cup lo collect avthundi. And once konni hours tarvta ee cup ni baytki teesi blood antha dispose chesesi wash chesi again malli use cheyacchu. Veetilo different sizes kuda untayi. And mana size lo cup ni chose chesukodam lo chala jagrathaga undali. Based on flow kakunda cervix size ni batti and age ni kuda consider cheyali.

How to insert menstrual cup

Menstrual cup insert cheyadam chala tricky. But once comfort feel ithe chala easy untundi.

Firstly, hygiene first. So hands wash chesi comfortable ga kurchuni either squat chesthu or toilet seat paina kurchuni or one leg paiki petti relax avvali. Because tension padite muscles contract ayyi insertion difficult avthundi. 

Ippudu cup ni fold cheyali. Cup folding lo kuda chala techniques unnayo. C shape ani, 7 ani diamond ani aah rakanga cup ni fold chesi vagina lo ki insert cheyali. And ee cup once insert chesaka 8-12 hours varaku leaks kosam bayapadalsina pani ledhu. Okavela heavy flow untundi anukunte every 4-6 hours ki dispose chesthe saripotundi.

And ee cup body lo lost avthundemo ani bayapadakkarledu. Ee cup end lo oka stem laga untundi. So that aah stem ni pattukuni baytki lagacchu or else ee cup ni slight ga pinch chesi lagacchu. So that vacuum release avvi removal easy avthundi.

And remember ee menstrual cup ni every period usage ki mundu and period aipoyaka sterilise chesi store cheyali. So simple ga boiling water lo ee cup ni 10 mins boil chesthe saripotundi . In that way cup kuda neat ga and ekkuva kalam last avtundi.

Pros of menstrual cup:

• Idhi affordable and one time investment. Okasari ee menstrual cup konte proper care tho almost 5-8 years varaku use cheyacchu.
• Pads and tampons laga every 4 hours ki change cheyakkarledu. And pads, tampons kanna ekkuva blood hold chesthundi.
• Safe for environment
• Tampons, pads laga chemicals undavu
• Bad odour vasthundi anna bayam undadhu
• Reusable and lasts long
• Comfortable ga untundi so that period aney feel kuda undadhu
• Swimming and sports ki etuvanti problem undadu

Cons of menstrual cup:

• Disposal and cleaning konchem messy avthundi
• Insert cheyadam and remove cheyadam konchem tricky ga untundi
• Starting lo correct ga fit cheyadam kastam avtundhi
• Konthamandiki irritation and allergy vacchey avakasam undhi. Okavela vaginal tissues silicon, rubber or latex ni resist chesukolekpothe or allergic ithe
• Fear of inserting into vagina

Menstrual disc

Mostly manaki evariki ee menstrual disc aney period products unnayi ani peddhaga telidhu. But ee menstrual disc kuda same menstrual cup laane blood collect chesthundi. Ivi mostly plastic or silicon tho tayaru chestharu. Menstrual cup ki disc ki unna theda enti ante vaati shape. Cup la undatam valana menstrual cup cervix kindhana untundhi. But disc matram cervix ki behind lo set avthundhi. Idhi kuda same insert chesetappudu jagratthaga hands wash chesi disc ki fold chesi insert cheyatame. But removal time lo disc ki unna rim ni pattukuni kani ledha chinna stem lanti dhanni pattukuni kani remove cheyalsi vasthundi. Idhi konchem messy avvachu.

Idhi kuda same menstrual cup laney every use ki mundu boiling water lo sterilize chesi use cheyali. And 12 hours varaku last avthundhi. And veetilo reusable and disposable rendu rakala discs unnayi. But as of now mana India lo antha popular kadhu

Pros of menstrual disc:

• Ekkuva sepu protection untundi
• Period feel ainattu undadhu
• Physical activities lo indulge avvachu like swimming, sports etc.

Cons of menstrual disc:

• Removal time lo messy ga untundhi
• Chala takkuva brands unnayi
• Chala matuku disposal cups valla antha environmental friendly kuda kadhu
• Too wide undatam vallana use cheyadam starting lo kastam avvacchu

Periods ni tackle cheyadaniki enni rakala products unna kani manam edhi select chesukuni edhi use chesthunnam anedhi dhani battey mana comfort untundhi. Anni period products ki pros and cons untayi. But choosing the best product which is comfortable for us is very important. Hygiene vishayam lo ne kadhu comfort and health vishyam lo kuda care teesukovali. 

Choose the right product and have a happy period!

Also check our Periods- All you need to know about it!

Also read A long journey of Air India

The post Best alternatives for pads during periods! appeared first on So Called Happenings.

What happens during Menstruation?

Menstruation, ammayilaki prathi month jarige oka common process. Ee process lo every month womb daggara unde endometrial lining shed ayyi vagina nundi release avuthundi. 

Asalu ee endometrial lining ante enti and enduku ala avthundi ante daniki karanam- 

Woman ki two ovaries untayi. Vatilo chala eggs untayi.

Every month ee eggs ovulation ki ready avthayo appudu ee eggs fallopian tube aney daarilo nundi uterus ni cherukuntayi. Adhey time lo ee endometrial lining kuda prepare avthundi. Ee endometrial lining ne uterine lining ani kuda antaru. Ee lining thick ga ayyi ready ga untundi okavela fertilisation aithe ee baby grow avthunna time lo protect chesthundi.  Okavela sperm cell tho kanuka fertilise aithe uterus ki unde wall ki attach ayyi pregnant avtharu and kontha kalam ki baby kindha develop avthundi.

Eppudu ithe ee eggs ovulate avvakunda untayo appudu ah endometrial lining shed aipoi blood rupam lo vagina dwara release chesthundi. Ee process lo unfertilised, sick or dead eggs emanna unte avi kuda vagina nundi blood rupam lo baytki shed avthadi. Generally oka ammay average ga 5 days varaku bleeding avthu untundi. Ee process lo 5-80 ml varaku blood lose avtharu. Ee process anthatini menstruation antaru. Idhey periods ki daari teesthundi. 

Humans okare kadhu monkeys, apes, bats, elephant shrews lo kuda menstruation process jaruguthundi.

Menstrual cycle

First day of period ne menstrual cycle start avthundi. General ga oka cycle 28 days long untundi. On an average 21 days to 35 days oka cycle untundi. Ee menstrual cycle lo general ga 4 phases untayi. 

• Menses phase: ee phase generally one to five days untundi. Ee phase lo ammayilu vagina dwara bleeding avthundi. Mostly average ga 5 days varaku bleeding avthundi. Kontha mandiki two days varaku and kontha mandiki 7 days varaku bleeding avthundi. 
• Follicular phase: ee phase 6th day nundi 14th day varaku avthundi. Ee time lo ne estrogen levels rise ayyi lining form avvey pani lo untundi. Ee time lo ne Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH) kuda follicles form avvadam lo help avthundi. 10-14 days period lo ee follicle okati full egg kinda form avthundi. 
• Ovulation phase: ee phase 14th day of cycle lo start avthundi. Ee phase lo general ga luteinizing hormone aney hormone levels increase ayyi egg ni release cheyadam lo help chesthundi. Ee process ne ovulation antaru.
• Luteal phase: ee phase 15th day nundi 28th day varaku jaruguthundi. Eppudu ithe ovulation lo egg release avthundo, aah egg fallopian tubes dwara travel chesi uterus ni cherukuntundi. Ee time lo ne uterine lining kuda form avthundi. Appudu ee egg uterine lining ki attach ayyi untundi. Okavela sperm cell tho attach ayyi fertilise aithe akkade undi baby form chesthundi. Ledhante ah lining shed ayyipoi bleeding avvadam valla periods vasthayi. 

And higher chances of getting pregnant ante before 12-14 days of your next period. Ante ovulation time lo egg eppudu ithe release avthundo aah time lo pregnant ayye chance ekkuva. Adhey kakunda period ayyina ventane kuda pregnant avvey chances takkuva. But sperm konni sarlu 7 days varaku body lo survive avvagaladhu. So, sometimes pregnant ayye chances unnayi.

How do hormones play a major role in menstruating?

Asalu periods ravadaniki main reason eh ee hormones. Hormones anevi human body lo chemical messengers la pani chesthayi. Ala female human body lo estrogen and progesterone ane rendu hormones ee periods ravadam lo main role play chesthayi. Brain ovaries ki ee hormones ni release cheyamani chepthadi. So, ee hormones pregnancy kosam prepare chesthundi. Indhaka chusinattu endometrial lining form avvadaniki karanam ee hormones eh. Ee hormones generally one month ki okasari lining ni build chesthadi. And eppudu ithe eggs ovulate avvavo automatic ga hormonal levels taggipoi ee lining break avthadi and then periods start avthayi.  

At what age do girls start and stop menstruating?

Generally ammayilu, at the age of 8 nundi 15 years lopu menstruating start avthadi. Ey time lo first period vasthundi anedhi totally chala factors meedha depend ayyi untundi. Genes batti or else teesukune diet kuda first period ki effect chupisthundi. Ee age lo ne vasthundi ani correct ga estimate cheyalemu. But white discharge ayyina one year lopu and breasts development start ayyina two years lopu eppudina first period ravacchu.

Alage 45-55 years of age vacchaka women ki generally periods ravadam aagipothundi. Deenine menopause antaru. Deeniki karanam estrogen and progestrone aney hormones production taggipothundi. So automatic ga uterine lining production undadhu. Eppudu ithe ee lining form avvadho appudu shedding ki place undadhu. So periods akkaditho stop aipothundi. Alage pregnant ayye chances kuda undavu. Hormones eh kakunda kuda konni sarlu ee menopause ki karanam ovaries removal surgery ledha, konni sarlu chemotherapy and radiation valla kuda menopause avthundi.

Why do only girls menstruate?

Konni sarlu ammaylu andariki anipisthu untadhi, enduku only ammaylke matrame periods osthayi abbayilaki endku raavu ani. Dhaniki karanam human bodies ala design chesi undatam matrame. Only ammayilu matrame pregnant ayye capability undhi. Ammayilu ki matrame reproductive organs like uterus, ovaries, fallopian tube, cervix and vagina unnay. Whereas abbayilaki penis, scrotum and testicles untayi. Ivi baby birth ivvadaniki helpful kadhu. Anduke ammayile periods face chestharu.

Period blood colors and its meaning

What to use during periods?

Periods appudu blood collect cheyadaniki and messy avvakunda undataniki konni options unnay avey:

• Pads
• Cloth pads
• Period panties
• Tampons
• Menstrual cups
• Reusable menstrual pads

How to deal with cramps?

General ga periods time lo kontha mandiki chala pain untundi and kontha mandiki moderate ga pain vasthu untundi. Mostly barinchaleni pain vasthey kanuka doctor ni consult avvadam better. If at all takkuva pain unte kanuka

• Heating pads belly paina pedithe konchem relief untundi. 
• Alage padukuni knees kindha pillow pettukuni relax aina kuda konchem pain relief untundi. 
• Side ki padukuni knees ni chest dagrki pettukuni padukunna kuda pain tagguthundi.
• Regular ga exercises cheyadam and correct diet follow avvadam batti kuda pain tagguthuntundi. 
• Doctor ni consult ayyi meeku suit ayye oka medicine teeskovadam kuda better.

When to consult a doctor?

Konni cases lo periods lo konni abnormalities emaina face chesthe ventane doctor ni consult avvadam chala important. Andulo konni types of cases:

• 16 years datina tarvta kuda menstruating start avvakapothe
• Periods sudden ga aagipothe
• Heavy bleeding avthunte
• Chala takkuva bleeding avthunte
• Daarunam ga cramps vasthunte
• 7 days kanna ekkuva days bleeding avthu unte
• Period period ki madyalo kuda bleeding avthu unte 
• Regular ga every month ki periods rakapoina 
• 21 days mundu or 35 days tarvta periods vasthu unte

What not to do during periods

• Caffeine ekkuva consume cheyakunda chudali
• High Sugary foods tinakudadu
• Alage junk foods and chips kuda tinakudadu
• Smoking cheyakudadu
• Stress 
• Overwork

Taboos surrounding periods

Periods valla create aina taboos aithe chala ne unnay cheppukuntu pothe. Ee 21st century lo kuda inka ammaylki periods vasthe adhi impure ani inka chala chotla antune unnaru.

Ippatiki ammayilu periods time lo temples ki functions ki attend avvakapovadam manam chusthune unnam. 

Periods appudu adhi muttukokudadhu, idhi muttukokudadhu, oka moolana undali and kindhana padukovali, separate ga undali ani inka chala intlo jaruguthunnay. 

Most importantly sanitary pads tecchukovadaniki kuda bayapadthunnaru. Ee kalam lo kuda inka newspaper lo or black covers lo wrap chesi isthunnaru sanitary pads ni. Intha telsi adhi edo chudakudani or muttukokudani vasthuvu laga enduku pads ni wrap cheyadam. The next time shop lo unna vallaki newspapers lo wrap cheyoddhu ani cheppandi. And most importantly don’t hesitate to ask while buying sanitary pads. 

So understand that periods ante blood losing okate kadhu chala process untundi ani.

Every period is different and periods are normal. Dhanini inka taboo la chudatam and dayalsina vishayam ithe kadhu. Next time periods ante gross ani kani papam ani kani evarina ante take the responsibility and explain them. Idhi disease kadhu normal ani. Andari lo awareness teesukuni ravadam mana badhyata. 

Also read Is central govt lying about Pegasus Spyware?

Visit A long journey of Air India

The post Periods- All you need to know about it! appeared first on So Called Happenings.

Architecture is not only about huge structures with heavy detailing and also about small ones with less details.It deals mainly with the human comfort.

Architectural remains in Ancient and Medieval India are mostly religious in nature.

The Architecture of India includes present-day Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.

Indus valley civilization

There are 3 types of Architecture in India:

1. Cave Architecture
2. Rock-cut Architecture
3. Temple Architecture

Caves in India are usually associated with 3 different religions, namely Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism. These have used caves as their shelters, temples and also as monasteries.

Rock-cut architecture

The rock-cut architecture of India includes monolithic temples and cave temples.

More than 1500 rock-cut structures are there in India.

Pancha Rathas,Mahabalipuram

• The temple containing a group of 5 shrines and 3 large sculptures of animals, all cut from a single stone in the late 7th century ad.
• It is an ancient temple city of Pallavas located in Mahabalipuram,Tamil nadu.
• The 5 rathas are named as Dharmaraja,Bhima,Arjuna,Nakula sahadeva, and Draupadi Ratha.
• It is one of the UNESCO’s world heritage site

Kailasanatha Temple,Ellora

• It is the largest rock-cut temple in India.
• It is ranging over 2 km along the sloping basalt cliff at the site.
• This structure is one of the 34 cave temples and monasteries in Ellora caves.
• It is a temple of lord shiva which was constructed by Rashtrakutas.

Temple Architecture

The first Hindu temples were rock-cut.

As temples grew more complex, more surfaces were created for a sculpture by adding more and more rhythmically projecting, symmetrical walls and niches.

There are 3 types of Temple Architecture

1. Nagara style (Northern)
2. Dravida style (southern)
3. Vesara style (Mixed)

Basic Features of Hindu temples:

• Garbha griha(sanctum or womb house)
• Shikhara or vimana(pyramidal tower)
• Mandapa(portico or colonnaded hall)
• Gopuram(entrance gateway)

Famous temples of Nagara style of Architecture

In north India, it is common for a temple with a stone platform with steps leading up to it.

Like south India,Nagara style does not usually have detailed boundary walls or
gateways.

Famous temples of Dravida style of Architecture

Famous temples of Vesara style of Architecture

Vesara is a combination of nagara and Dravidian style of temple architecture.

The term Vesara is derived from the Sanskrit word ‘Vishra’ meaning an area to take a long walk.

Indian art

• Indian Art includes a variety of art forms like painting, sculpture, pottery, and textile arts etc.,
• Today,over 10 Indian folk arts are been practicing in our country.
• India have cultural and religious influences on arts.
• Archaeologists have found evidence of prehistoric rock art in caves of India.
• Two major sites of prehistoric rock/cave paintings in India: Bhimbetka Caves and Jogimara Caves (Amarnath, Madhya Pradesh).
• Rock art includes cave paintings, representing animals and humans. The oldest examples of these paintings date from about 7000 BCE.

Below given are some of the art forms that are still practicing in India

Madhubani

• Madhubani was created by the women of various communities in the Mithila region of Bihar.
• It is expression of day to day experiences, belief, elements of nature, spiritual concept and knowledge of epic.
• Nib pen (rotoring pens)are the main tools.
• Henna leaves, marigold, bougainvillea, cow dung, soot and rice powder or lime were used in the colours preparation.
• The main tools are fingers, twigs, brushes, nib-pens, and matchsticks, using natural dyes, and pigments.

Warli

• Warli painting was created by the tribal people of North Sahyadri Range in Maharashtra.
• These paintings use a set of basic geometric shapes: a circle, a triangle, and a square.
• The white pigment made from a mixture of rice flour and water, with gum as a binder.
• It will depict daily life activities like fishing, hunting, festivals, dance and more.

Kalamkari

• The name Kalamkari originates from Persian words qalam (pen) and kari (craftmanship).
• Andhra Pradesh state is famous for kalamkari art.
• Tamarind pen and natural dyes are the main tools.
• SriKalahasthi and Machilipatnam in Andhra pradesh are famous places for this art.
• It is also used for painting on sarees.

Tanjore

• Thanjavur painting is famous by its use of gold foil, which glitters and lends the painting a surreal look.
• Most paintings are Hindu gods, goddesses, and saints and episodes from Hindu Puranas
• Tanjavur paintings are panel paintings done on wooden planks.

Miniature painting

• This style came to India with the Mughals.It is a combination of Islamic, Persian and Indian elements.
• It is done using natural stone colors on a paper-based “wasli”.
• They were brightly colored and highly detailed paintings.

India has one of the world’s largest collections of songs, music, dance, theatre, folk traditions, performing arts, rites and rituals, paintings and writings, etc.,

Due to climatic conditions and lack of conservation, Architectural heritage has been adversely affected.

The organizations like UNESCO are constantly putting their efforts to conserve art and architecture.

Conserving the unprotected Architectural heritage and sites ,will help to know the roots and how they evolved through ages.

Also, read https://socalledhappenings.in/why-did-ford-exit-from-india/

The post Indian Art & Architecture appeared first on So Called Happenings.

Rajasthan, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Manipur ye 4 states lo gatham lo rajakiya sanksobham sambhavinchindhi. Ee time lo mana ki baga vinipinchina peru Anti-Defection Law.

India lo 1970-80’s lo party phirayimpulu baga jarigeyvi, veetini nivarinchi rajakila viluvalanu kapadadam kosam appatlo mana pradhani Rajiv Gandhi garu 1985 lo 52^nd constitution amendment dwara 4 articles (101,102, 190 and 191) ni marchi, dhaniki 10^th schedules ni mana constitution ki add chesi Anti-Defection Law ni teesukoni vacharu.

Anti-Defection Law enti ante oka political party nunchi poti chesi gelichina abyardhi, gelichaka inko party lo join ithe athanini parliament or state legislative assembly nunchi disqualify chesey avakasani party laki kalpinchindhi.

Anti-Defection Law prakaram disqualify iye situations

1.Oka party nunchi empikaina sabyudu thana sabyatvaniki swachandham ga rajinama chesinapudu.

2.Thana party jaari chesina aadeshalanu ante whip ki opposite ga vote chesi tharuvatha 15 days lo party athanini kshaminchakapothe disqualify cheyavachu. In case, aa 15 days lo party sabyulu aathanini kshamisthe aa party lo ne konasagali.

Oka person oka party lo win iyi inko party ki marithe aadhi prajalanu mosam chesinattu ga pariganaloki teesukuntaru. Endhuku ante prajalu aa oka party sidhaanthalanu nammi oka person ni gelipistharu kabbati.

3. Oka candidate election lo independent ga win iyi inko party lo join ithe athani sabyathvam raddhu avuthundhi. Athanu ye political party lo join avvakunda independent ga oka party ki support cheyavachu.

4.Chatta sabha lalo nominate iyina person, nominate iyyaka inko party lo ki velthe athani sabyathvam kolpothadu. Aithe nominated date nunchi 6 months lopu vere party loki velthe disqualify cheyaru.

Anti-Defection Law Minahayinpulu(Exceptions)

1.Oka sabyudu oka party lo win iyi aa party inko party lo merge iyyaka aa person edithe party tho merge iyindho aa party lo join ithe sabyathvam raddhu cheyaru.

2.Oka party lo 2/3^rd members inko party lo join ithe sabyathvam raddhu cheyaru, endhuku ante aa party vidipovadam ga kakunda rendo party lo merge iyinattu ga bhavinchali.

3.Oka person legislative assembly or parliament lo presiding officer ga kani, speaker ga kani, deputy speaker ga kani , chairman or deputy chairman ga elect iyinapudu athanu thana party sabyathvaniki raajinama chesina ledha padhavi kalam mugisina tharuvatha malli party lo ki cherina aathani sabyathvam raadhu kadhu, Kaani ade person thanu padhavilo unnapudu party membership ki raajinama chesi marala ade party or vere party lo join ithe athaniki ADL apply cheyochu.

10^th schedule prakaram oka party lo ni 1/3^rd members oka cheelika valla vere party loki marithe valla sabyathvam raddhu iyyedhi kadhu kani, 2003 lo 93^rd constitutional amendment prakaram dhanini teesi veyadam jarigindhi.Dhanitho paatu defect chesina person ni punish cheyadam kosam athani term iyye varaku leka vache elections varaku athanini mantri padhavi lo kani ye ithara government or financial or profitable post la lo uncharadhu ani thelipindhi.

Ee Anti-Defection Law prakaram oka member yokka membership cancel chesey adhikaram presiding officer ke untundhi and speaker de final decision. ye court kuda question cheyadaniki veelu ledhu, kani “Kihoto holloha vs Zachiluhu” case lo ila cheyadam constitution ki against ani kotti vesindhi.10^th schedule lo speaker dhi final decision kani idhi oka tribunal la pani chesidhi. Kabbati ela ithe tribunal yokka decision justice review ki lodabi untundho alane speaker yokka decision kuda justice ki subjected ga untundhi ani cheppindhi.

ADL prakaram evaru speaker/chairman ki complain cheyochu

Anti Defection Law prakaram 2013 varaku okka legistlator matrame presiding officer ki complain cheyavochu ani undedhi, kani “Utkal keshari parida Versus Orissa Speaker” issue lo supreme court evarina ADL midha unna complaint ni speaker/chairman dhagara register cheyavachu ani cheppindhi.

Anti Defection Law apply chese mundhi evari midha ithe aa law apply cheyali anukuntunaro thana vaadhana vinipinchukone adhiram athani ki undhi.

“Shir R S Rana and Others Versus S Maurya and Others” case lo supreme court member thama membership ni voluntary ga resign cheyadam ante enti ane dhaniki total explanation ichindi. Oka person thana membership ki resign cheyakunda ne thana party ni open ga tiduthu, party meets ki attend kakunda and at the same time opponent party ki support chesi valla political meets ki attend ithe apudu thana membership ni voluntary ga vadilesinatte avuthundhi.Mana Rajya Sabha member ina Shardh Yadav and Ali Anwar lu ilanti pravarthana valle valla membership ni kolpoyaru.

10^th schedule yokka loop hole enti ante Speaker thana decision cheppadaniki oka particular time period ledhu. T. Srinivas Yadav Telangana legislative lo TDP member (2014 elections) kani election win iyina tharuvatha TRS lo join iyyaru. Apudu KCR garu chief minister ga unnaru. Ikkada speaker ruling political party ki chendinvaru. Kabbati indirect ga ruling party ki supportive ga untaru. Ikkada Srinivas Yadav gari midha complaint chesaru kani speaker final decision teesukoledhu endhuku ante time limit anedhi ledhu kabbati. Ade time lo Srinivas Yadav garini Commercial Tax and Cinematography ki Minister ga niyamincharu. Deeni midha Telangana high court lo case vesaru. High court Srinivas Yadav garini ministry nunchi thappinchindhi kani disqualification gurinchi em cheyalekapoyindhi. Endhuku ante speaker thana final decision ni inka cheppaledhu, so court helpless ga undhipoyindi. Tharuvatha Srinivas Yadav garu next elections ki TRS nunchi poti chesi win iyyaru.

What happened in Karnataka??       

Karnataka lo elections tharuvatha yei party government form cheyalekapoyindhi. BJP ki ekkuva seats vachina kani majority touch cheyalekapoyindhi.

JDS and INC party lu kalisi collation government ni form chesindhi kani aa majority ni ekkuva rojulu kapada lekapoyindhi. Endhuku ante rendu party la MLA lu thama resignation echi BJP lo join iyyaru.

Kaani ikkada speaker INC party ki elect ina vaaru. So ventane aa MLAs ni ADL prakaram disqualify chesi vallani remaining 3½ years house lo rakunda and election lo contest cheyakunda disqualify chesaru. Vallu supreme court lo petition vesaru. Supreme court speaker ni support chesindhi kani aa disqualify ina Mla’s ki election lo contest cheyadaniki chance ichindh. Anukunatte andharu elections lo participate chesaru and win iyyaru. ipudu aa members BJP lo undi minister padavulalo konasaguthunaru.

Ade vidham ga Madhya Pradesh lo Jyotir Aditya Sindhiya ki support ichina 21 MLAs  INC ki resign chesi BJP lo join iyyaru. ikkada kuda Karnataka laga BJP government ni form chesindhi. ADL lo resignation ni kuda oka loop hole laga use chesukoni ila chesthunaru. Resign chesina person ki remaining term ni kuda disqualify chesey reform ni teesukoni raavali. Apudu ee loop hole ni complete ga cover cheyochu. Ila chesthe defectors ki situation anevi tough avuthai.

What Happened in Manipur??

2017 lo Manipur lo election jarigayi. Manipur lo motham 60 seat laku ganu 28 seat lu INC win iyi single largest party ga form iyindhi. Ade elections lo BJP ki 21-22 seats vachai, kani governor of Manipur BJP ki government form cheyamani invite chesaru. Apudu INC lo unna 8 MLAs party ki resign chesi BJP lo join iyyaru.

Ikkada ADL apply cheyaledhu. Speaker asalu e issues lo involve kuda avvaledhu. Endhuku ante speaker leading political party ki favor ga unnaru, so INC Mla’s ni disqualify cheyaledhu. Aa 8 MLAs lo oka T.H ShyamKumar ane athaniki Forest Ministry ni chesaru.

E issue lo Supreme court division bench head ina Rohinton Fali Nariman article 142 (justice ni kapadadam kosam elanti order ina supreme court pass cheyavochu) ni use chesaru. Cabinet Minister ina ShyamKumar ni legislative assembly loki allow cheyakudadhu ani order pass chesindhi. Endhuku ante athanu party phirayincharu kabbati. Speaker ye rojithe thana decision ni cheptharo apude thanu assemble lo ki enter iye chance untundhi. Appati varaku allow cheyakudadhu. Thatuvatha Shyamkumar ni cabinet minister ga teesi vesaru . Final ga speaker Shyam kumar ni assemble nunchi disqualify chesaru. Evarithe INC party nunchi bayatiki vachesaro vallaki Rajya Sabha elections lo vote vese chance kolpoyaru. Ila supreme court thanaki unna special power (article 142) ni use chesi MLAs ni disqualify chesindhi.

What Reforms should Government need to implement in ADL

1. Speaker thana decision ni particular time limit lo cheppali delay cheyakudadhu.
2. Legislation member evarithe self ga resign chestharo valla ki unna migilina term kuda house lo ki allow cheyakudadhu.
3. Speaker win iyina party support ga untaru kabbati, ADL decision ni Governor, EC or President decide chesi final result ni speaker ki cheppela reforms teesukoni ravali.
4. 2/3^rd measure ni teesiveyali.
5. Oka party member party ichina prathi order or rule ni for sure ga paatinchali lekunte ADL apply cheyali.

Adhikaram, Dhana, Vasthulabalu leka ithara prayojanala valla jarigey rajakiya phirāyimpu lani addukovadaniki e law ni 1985 lo 52^nd constitution amendment dwara mana mundhuki teesukoni vacharu. E law kontha varaku rajakiya viluvalani kapadindhi, poorthi reforms tho kanuka e chattam vasthe inka merugaina rajayikkalu untai ani bhavinchali.

Also Read – Is central govt lying about Pegasus Spyware?

You may also like Where is Indian driving license valid?

The post Anti Defection Law appeared first on So Called Happenings.

When and who started Air India?

Air India start chesindhi J.R.D.Tata. 1932 lo Tata Air Services name tho start chesaru gradual ga adhi Tata Airlines ga marindhi. J.R.D.Tata oka Indian Aviator, industrialist, chairman of Tata group. 1929 lo India lo first licensed pilot kuda ithane. Tata group under lo unna chala industries Tata consultancy services, Tata motors, Titan Industries, Tata salt, Voltas and ee Airlines ki founder kuda. 

Color and Logo

Air India color scheme eppudu red and white eh untundi. Valla airplanes anni kuda white tho paint ayyi red color lo name rasi untundi. Air India name kuda English and Hindi lo rasi untundi. Window frames matram palace style designs tho untayi. “Palace in sky” aney slogan ni represent chesthu.

First logo ni 1948 lo reveal chesaru. Ah logo lo first 9^th zodiac sign Sagittarius laga undedi. Half horse inka half human type lo and arrow strength ni speed ni and movement ni indicate chesthunnattu. Idhey 2007 varaku continue indhi. Taruvatha eppudu ithe Indian airlines tho collaborate indho May 22^nd, 2007 na kottha logo ni reveal chesaru. Andulo oka flying swan konark wheel unnattu untundhi.

JRD and his working style

J.R.D.Tata appudappudu surprise visits chesthu undevaru appatlo. Prathi pani neat ga and perfect ga jarugutundo ledho ani telusukovadam kosam. Employees food serve cheyadam ina sarigga dress chesukunnaro ledo ani pratidi perfect ga undali ani anukunevaru. Okkosari counter dirty ga unte ayane clean chesevaru. Edhi ina neat ga perfect ga undali ani andariki telipevaru.

1950’s lo janalu ekkuva ee airlines lo ne travel chesevaru. Air India kante British airways faster jet service ni provide chesina kani. Dhaniki main reason staff andhinchey service and valla pampering koram.

1967 lo ithey first class passengers ki Salvador Dali aney artist design chesina Ash tray ni gift ga icchevaru. Oka well known artist design chesina danini gift ga ivvadam tho andharu surprise ayyevaru. Salvador Dali chesina daniki oka baby elephant ni gift ga icchindi.

First flight!

India lo first Airline ee Tata Airlines eh. Appudu lo first flight Karachi nundi Mumbai ki vellindhi. Taruvatha Madras ki cherukundi. 15th october 1932 lo ee flight start indhi. Kani indulo passengers leru. Mail ni matrame carry chesindhi. Ala vere cities ki kuda expand ayyindhi. 1938 lo Tata Air services nunchi Tata Airlines kinda marindhi.

1939 lo  World war II time lo men and material ni kuda carry chesindhi. World war II taruvatha ee Tata Airlines Public limited company ayyindi. So, finally 1946 July 29th na Tata Airlines kastha Air India ayyindhi. 

Nationalisation 

Later on India ki Independence vacchina taruvatha nationalisation anedhi oka hot topic ga marindhi. Government ah time lo nationalise chesina chala companies lo ee airlines kuda okati. 1947 lo 49% of stakes ni government of India teesukundhi. Ah time lo J.R.D.Tata nationalisation ki oppose chesaru. Dhaniki karanam Indian government ki ah time ki Airline company ni run chese experience ledhu, and nationalisation ante government eh mottham decisions anni teesukuntundhi ani. Aina kani government nationalise cheyadam tappaledhu. 

J.R.D.Tata ki nationalisation assalu nacchaledu, dhaniki badulu government kavalaney ila chesindhi ani statements pass chesaru. Taruvatha Government eh J.R.D.Tata ni pilichi mari Air India ki chairman ni chesindhi. J.R.D.Tata alochinchi Air India ki and Indian Airlines ki charge teesukunaru. 1978 varaku ayana ee rendu positions lo unnaru.

First international flight

1948 June 8th na four engine lockheed Constellation L-749A aircraft ane first international flight Bombay to London ki vellindhi. Appudu nundi inka venakki tirigi chuskoledhu. 1948 to 1950 lo Chala international flight routes add chesaru. Nairobi, Rome, Paris, Dusseldorf add ayyay. Taruvatha kottha lockheed Constellation L-1049 vacchindho ah taruvatha Thailand, Singapore, Japan, Hong Kong lanti dooram countries ni kuda add chesaru. 1953 lo air corporations Act pass ayyina tarvatha Government of India majority stake ni purchase chesi Air India International Limited ani name marchindhi.

History

Tarvtha 1960 lo first Boeing 707-420 aircraft introduce ayyina tarvatha Air India jets ni use cheyadam start chesindhi. New York ki kuda flight services ni start chesindi. And ala 1962 lo world lo ne first all-jet Airline ayyindi. 1962 June 8th na official ga Air India International Limited nundi Air India ga name ni short chesaru. 

Tarvatha 1970 lo ee airlines offices ni downtown Bombay ki shift chesindhi. 

1971 lo first Boeing 747-200B ni start chesindhi. 1986 lo first Air Bus ni A310-300 ni start chesindi. Ah time lo idhi largest passenger service. Tarvta 1988 lo passenger plus cargo ni kalipi two Boeing 747-300Ms ni start chesindhi. 

Tarvta 1993 lo first Boeing 747-400 Konark aney peru tho New York and Delhi ki first non-stop flight start chesindhi.

May 28, 1997 lo first online ki vacchindi. Official website www.airindia.com start indhi.

1999 lo Mumbai Chhatrapathi shivaji international airport lo first dedicated terminal open chesindhi.

March 2003 lo Iraq nundi Indian citizens ni evacuate cheyadam kosam Kuwait ki special flights dedicate chesindhi. Tarvtha 2005 lo Air India Express ni launch chesindhi. Total air India ki idhi low cost airline.

June 2007 lo Air India cargo services ni start chesindhi. Alage July end ki USA ki non-stop flights ni kuda start chesindhi.

2012 lo economic loss vacchindhi. Jet Airways, IndiGo, Spicejet ni first 3 places lo unchi Air India 4^th place ki vellipoindi.

2013 lo etihad airways ki 5 Boeing 777-200LR aircrafts ni and Boeing 787 Dreamliners ammi and lease ki ivvadam dwara konni debts ni clear chesindhi.

How did Air India get into loss?

Air India loss ki velladaniki main reason debts meeda unde high interest rate. And obviously private airlines valla low-cost competition ekkuva ayyindhi.

Alage passenger revenue income kuda taggindhi. Targets ni reach avvalekapovadam oka main reason.

International flights valla airlines ki chala ne loss vacchindhi. 2015-16 time lo North America and Europe ki unna flights valla almost 2,323 crores loss vacchindhi.

Manpower ni kuda use cheskovadam lo fail indhi Air India. Widebody ki 291 pilots and narrow body aircrafts ki 554 pilots requirement unte 2015-16 ki almost 86 extra pilots undevaru. Adhi kuda oka rakanga loss ki contribute chesindhi.

Indian airlines tho 2007 lo merge ayyaka chalane loss vacchindhi. 2017-18 lo 5,348.18 crores loss vacchindhi. 2018-19 lo 8,556.35 crores loss vacchindhi. 2019-20 lo 7,982.83 crores loss vacchindhi. Total net loss 9,500-10,000 crores loss vacchindhi March 2021 ki.

Total losses chuskunte 2020 March 31^st ki 70,820 crores losses accumulate ayyayi.

Centre divesting its stakes in Air India

1990s lo Private carriers peruguthu undatam tho competition kuda ekkuva ayyindhi. Domestic and International flights lo kuda fail avthu vacchindi melliga. Poor service and hospitality ani peru kuda tecchukundhi.

May 2000 lo Vajpayee ruling lo unna government 60% of government shares ni ammeyadaniki decide ayyindhi. But ah pricess fail indhi.

Tarvutha chala kastalu paduthune Air India ni kapaduthu vacchindi. Kani 2007 lo Indian Airlines ni and Air India ni merge chesindhi. Kani chivariki idhi kuda kapadalekapoindhi.

Chivaraki Civil Aviation minister ina Ajith Singh privatization okkate Air India ni kapadagaladhu ani annaru.

And then malli 2017-18 time lo kuda divestment ki try chesina kuda malli fail indhi. Dhaniki karanam oka bid kuda rakapovadam. Dhaniki enno karanalu unna kani main reason matram government minority stake ni unchukovali anukovadam and bidders Air India debt lo undi ani assume cheskodam.

What happened now?

Intial ga 2018 lo 76% stake ni offer chesindi. Ante migatha stake ni government hold chesukovali anukundhi. Kani ippudu matram 100% stake ni ammeyadaniki chusindhi. Alage 2018 lo centre buyer ni Rs.33,392 crore debt ni take over cheyali ani chusindhi. Kani ippudu Rs.23,000 crore ni take over cheyali ani annadhi out of Rs.60,074 crore.

Ippudu april 2021 lo financial bids ni start chesaru. And recent ga October 2021 lo 18,000 crores tho bid chesina Tata group win ayyi malli Air India ni valla sontham cheskundi.

Also checkout Is central govt lying about Pegasus Spyware?

Also read Why did Ford exit from India?

The post A long journey of Air India appeared first on So Called Happenings.